What I Learned About The Elderly - 1295 Words

There are many changes that happen to people once they reach the age of sixty-five. They are now classified as the elderly and possibly grandparents. Aging has many benefits, such as retirement, but has some disadvantages as well, such as decreasing in health. These aging concepts and theories will be explained in further detail using my own personal experiences and references to the Family Life Now Textbook, including the two types of aging, elderly statistics, normative age-graded influences, ageism, sexual functioning and frequency and formal grandparenting. 1. What I learned about the elderly that I did not already know are some statistics from the Family Life Now textbook which include that there are thirty-five million adults over†¦show more content†¦I do not think the location of my home would become an issue because I would make any necessary changes, in location, in order for my mom to have a home. 5. If my mom lived with my family and I, I would have a separate b edroom available for her, but would let her choose wherever she would like to sleep because she has back problems and likes to sleep on the couch sometimes. My mom is very tidy and hardworking, so I do not think it would be necessary for me to have to set some ground rules for her living in my house. My mom is also very helpful and would provide me any assistance with the house or family schedule, such as picking up the children from school. 6. What I look forward to after the age of sixty-five is all the leisure time, retirement money, and the opportunity to travel whenever, wherever, and for however long I want. I also look forward to spoiling my grandchildren, telling them past experiences, and teaching them about life. What I am not looking forward to after the age of sixety-five is not being able to physically do some of the things I love doing now, such as morning runs and workouts, not having the amount of energy and strength as I do now, loosing my body figure, and cramps be coming more frequent. Some examples from Baltes’s, Lindenberger’s, and Straudinger’s normative age-graded influences that I am also not looking forward to after the age ofShow MoreRelatedRespecting Elders1559 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural to me, because when I was just a little girl, I was taught that I must always respect my elders, if I didnt, Id get a slap on my face by my parents. As I grew up, I came to realize the true meaning of the phrase, respect your elders, and I agree fully with my mothers teachings. I not only respected my elders, but I respected everyone around me. When I had my children, I taught them the same way my parents taught me, on how to respect their elders, and why. I never had any problems teachingRead MoreIntegrative Reflection On Friendly Home998 Words   |  4 Pageslisten to Mrs. Haynes, I have learned the role, the challenges, and the rewards that a social worker undergoes while working in a nursing home. Major Responsibilities, Challenges, and Rewards At Friendly Home, Shireen Haynes discussed the major responsibilities of the social workers at the nursing home. According to Mrs. Haynes, the social worker helps the people adjust to the new placement in the nursing home by doing social history with the person, which entails learning about the client’s likes,Read MoreThe Body Position Of The Resident1543 Words   |  7 Pages enjoyed ice cream, and I tried to combine the meals with bites of ice cream in between. He seemed to like the sensations created by the differences in taste and temperature. In addition, I sat and talked with Henry as well as offered encouragement. It also helped when I added sweetening or lightly salted the food whenever possible. This strategy worked well in maintaining his weight and health. Feeding elderly’s who had dysphagia or difficulty swallowing also proved challenging. When one hadRead MoreRespecting Elders1547 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural to me, because when I was just a little girl, I was taught that I must always respect my elders, if I didnt, Id get a slap on my face by my parents. As I grew up, I came to realize the true meaning of the phrase, respect your elders, and I agree fully with my mothers teachings. I not only respected my elders, but I respected everyone around me. When I had my children, I taught them the same way my parents taught me, on how to respect their elders, and why. I never had any problems teachingRead MoreEssay about Growing Old1073 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Oaks Convalescent Home, a skilled nursing facility for adults’ age 55 and older, I found this to be true. 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I knew my grandfather was there but it just did not seem like it was the real him as he was one of the faces I was scared of the most. Shortly after his passing the choir took at trip to sing at a nursing home. As I walked in I was immediately panickedRead MoreProject Leaders : Leadership Skills And Expertise1315 Words   |  6 Pagestheir roles within the organization or community, and stand-out from the congregation. Something must make the leader quite different from the other individuals, especially when the person is currently searching for a job, is worried about his/her job, or is worried about his/her job security given the condition of the current economy. Since this has continually been the case, it is even more significant in the current economy where project leaders are asked to perform more tasks with less cash. TheyRead MoreNurses Are Compassionate About Their Patients And Job1027 Words   |  5 Pagescompassionate about their patients and job. 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The City Of Branson s Fiscal Year Runs - 1680 Words

Budget Process Goals The City of Branson’s fiscal year runs January 1 through December 31. Typically, the budget preparation process begins in mid-July when budget documents and instructions are distributed by the Finance Department to the each city department. The various departments have approximately three weeks to assess any budget goals, capital and personnel requests, and to complete projections for the current fiscal year. By mid-August, the Finance Department completes a preliminary review of the departments’ budget, personnel and capital requests. The City Administrator then meets with the Finance Director to review any requests, and schedules one-on-one meetings with each department head. As the first organization in Missouri to implement Priority Based Budgeting, prior to their administrative review each department head is encouraged to perform a review of programs offered by their department and to establish what programs are not meeting the results identified by the board. The purpose of this process is to allow for reallocation of resources to programs that are determined to need more funding, in place of simply incrementally increasing the departmental line item budget. Aside from simply eliminating the programs that are not achieving desired results, the directors are encouraged to develop solutions to how the identified programs may perform more efficiently. Examples include identifying programs that may be: Mandated for the city to provide, but thatShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The Airline Industry2262 Words   |  10 Pagesexchange. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. 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Australian Metadata Retention Laws

Question: Discuss about the Australian Metadata Retention Laws. Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the term Privacy by referring to Metadata retention law, which is a scheme that is allegedly being implemented for protecting the country against various types of crimes as well as terrorism (Lindsay et al., 2015). The main aim of the essay is to illustrate the implications of privacy in context to web metrics as well as web data. The essay also illustrates the Contribution of Metadata retention laws in understanding the role of web metrics and web data in todays world. Discussion Definition of privacy Privacy is defined as an ability of a group or an individual to seclude the information, which is associated with them. The content as well boundaries, which are considered private, differs among various cultures as well as individuals. The domain of security is overlapped with the help of privacy, which includes proper use, as well as protection of information (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It has been analyzed that privacy can be sacrificed voluntarily in exchange for various perceived benefits. Data privacy is a type of privacy that is also known as information privacy, which deals with various capabilities of an organization as well as individuals for determining the sharing of data, by third parties (Williams Hardy, 2015). Privacy of data is enacted in a sectorial method that is helpful in creating a response towards the needs as well as requirements of some specific section or industry. Explanation of Privacy with reference to Metadata retention law Metadata retention law reflects that it is mainly implemented for protecting the country against various types of organized terrorism as well as crime but it is slammed as one of the major invasion of privacy. The metadata retention law was introduced by Tony Abbotts Liberal government into the parliament (Greenleaf, 2015). At that particular time, a plan was introduced by Attorney Roxon and it is identified that the plan is identical with the plans that is followed by the country (Clarke, 2015). The main intention that is present behind the proposed reform is to allow law enforcement agency to continue proper investigation of crime in the light of new technologies. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull was against the law and as a result he sternly opposed the law (North, 2016). After two years, Attorney and Tony Abbot introduced the scheme of data retention again and Turnbull has been asked for creating the full scheme. According to the government, all the new measures were introduced in the name of protecting the country from various threats (Lindsay et al., 2015). UK also adopted a similar type of retention law for minimizing the crimes. Metadata is essentially considered as the data of data. This is because a metadata around a phone call is helpful in providing all the information that is associated with the call. It generally includes everything that is done on the internet whether legally or illegally (Clarke, 2015) It helps in providing all the information about an email that is sent including its recipients, subject, and time (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It also helps in providing information about the location of a photo, the setting as well as the model of the camera with which the picture is taken (Sarre, 2015). Tracking of information requires a large amount of money as tracking of metadata will be helpful in burdening ISPs as well as Telco with very much massive bills. It is analyzed that the law appeared to be one of the most important scheme for protecting the country from crimes as well as terrorism but some people believe it as one of the biggest intrusion of policy in the history of Australia (Williams Hardy, 2015). The most important thing is that every call, text message, email etc are tracked by the government under the law (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It helps in providing us the tool that helps in ensuring the people about the threats of the country. The most significant information is that both the mobile service providers as well as internet providers needs to collect their metadata for two years (Shanapinda, 2017). It is the advice of law enforcement as well as security agency to retain data for two years, as it is very much needed for investigating complex as well as serious criminal matters (Lindsay et al., 2015). The request that is made by the agency helps in relating it to some straightforward as well as simple cases, which can be resolved very easily (Huston, 2015). It is identified that complex as well as serious cases including espionage, organized crime, financial crime, terrorism as well as the cases of public corruption needs very much lengthy investigations. Data plays one of the central roles in all the serious criminal as well as national security investigations therefore it is very much critical that both the security as well as law enforcement agencies must have the capability of accessing the data lawfully (Lindsay et al., 2015). It has been analyzed that data retention plans are very much useful for security but it threatens the privacy (Guild Carrera, 2014). The tracking data, emails, phone calls threatens the privacy of the users but on the other hand, it helps in gaining proper informant information, which is helpful in minimizing as well as avoiding cases of terrorism as well as crime. Contribution of Metadata retention laws in understanding the role of web metrics and web data Metadata retention helps in providing security to a country by minimizing the chances of crime as well as terrorism but it enhances privacy related risks. Similarly, web metrics are used for tracking significant information. Numerous web metrics are useful in tracking. It helps in tracking the number of visitors, referrals, bounce rate, exit pages, conversion rate and many more of a website (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). The web metrics is quite helpful in tracking the number of visitors who visited the website for performing various activities. The tracking of information about website visits does not help in revealing important information about the users, and as a result, privacy of the users is not threatened. The web metrics helps in tracking referral by getting information from the links that are visited by the users. The report of referrals helps in reflecting the number of visitors who are getting into the social media (Usher, 2013). It is also useful in getting information about other countries blogs as well as their search engines. The web metrics helps in reflecting the bounce rate of the website, which demonstrates that the user does not the information that they are searching for. It has both advantages as well as disadvantages and as a result, Google does not share information about their search term data in order to maintain privacy. Conversion rate is considered as one of the important feature that is tracked for achieving a specific goal of the website. Goals of the website include completing purchase, filling contract form or visualizing proper contract page (Guild Carrera, 2014). Conversion rate helps in measuring the success of the website, which is helpful in attracting more number of customers towards the website. Proper monitoring of conversion rate is also helpful in getting information about the site. If conversion rate is combined with the referral report then one should be able to see which sites are generating highest bounce. It has been analyzed that metadata retention plays a significant role in providing security for minimizing crime cases but on the other hand, it threatens the privacy of the people (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). For example, it provides information about an email that is sent including its recipients, subject, and time, location of a photo, the setting as well as the model of the camera with which the picture is taken (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). However, web metrics helps in analyzing only important information like number of visitors, referrals, of a website for increasing the productivity as well as service of the organization by not harming the privacy of the users (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It also helps in reflecting the bounce rate of the website, which demonstrates that the user for demonstrating the search engine of the users. Conclusion It was concluded that metadata retention law is quite significant for providing security in order to minimize terrorism as well as crime within a country but on the other hand, it threatens the privacy of the users, which is considered as serious issue. It is analyzed that the domain of security is overlapped with the help of privacy, which includes proper use, as well as protection of information. It is identified that web metrics are useful in tracking the number of visitors, referrals, bounce rate, exit pages, conversion rate and many more of a website by not threatening the privacy of the users. As a result, it is very much helpful as it helps in tracking proper as well as significant information for enhancing the productivity of an organization. References Clarke, R. (2015). Data retention as mass surveillance: the need for an evaluative framework.International Data Privacy Law,5(2), 121-132. Gorman, G. E., Rowley, J., Walton, G. (2015). Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals.Online Information Review. Greenleaf, G. (2015). Going against the flow: Australia enacts a data retention law. Guild, E., Carrera, S. (2014). The political and judicial life of metadata: Digital rights Ireland and the trail of the data retention directive. Huston, G. (2015). Metadata Retention and the Internet.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,3(1). Lindsay, D. F., Greenleaf, G., Daly, A., Waters, N., Molnar, A., Vaile, D. (2015). Australian Privacy Foundation Submission on the Data Retention Bill 2014. Martin, K. D., Borah, A., Palmatier, R. W. (2017). Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance.Journal of Marketing,81(1), 36-58. North, J. (2016). Metadata: It's not about you after all.Governance Directions,68(2), 96. Sarre, R. (2015). Metadata retention: A review of the policy implications for Australians.CRIME, JUSTICE AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD, 9. Shanapinda, S. (2017). Retention and disclosure of location information and location identifiers OTT content and communication services.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,4(4), 251-279. Usher, N. (2013). Al Jazeera English online: Understanding web metrics and news production when a quantified audience is not a commodified audience.Digital Journalism,1(3), 335-351. Williams, G., Hardy, K. (2015). National security reforms stage three: Metadata.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(1), 70.

Safety Precaution About Bench Fitting Shop Essay Sample free essay sample

By the terminal of this unit each learner will be able to:†¢ State the map of common workshop tools and equipment and the safety safeguards to be observed when utilizing this equipment †¢ Measure and grade out metal work exercisings †¢ Produce metal work exercisings by cutting. boring. tapping and screw weaving †¢ Drill out and replace pop studs as portion of a metal work exercising †¢ Re-tap damaged togss on a vehicle constituent i. e. he-mans or he-man holes 2. 0 Introduction In technology you are normally concerned with a figure of parts or constituents suiting together to do an assembly. so you must command the sizes of the parts to do certain they assemble right and will work as the interior decorator intended. Even if you are merely buying a saloon stock you need to cognize that any unmachined surfaces are suited sized for your application. In all theses instances the control of size and the assembly of constituents can be done with the aid of a bounds and fits criterion of some sort. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Precaution About Bench Fitting Shop Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is a tantrum in Engineering Footings? Imagine that you have drilled and reamed a hole 20mm in diameter in a piece of metal 14mm midst.You are now traveling to machine a diameter on the terminal of a 30mm saloon. If the machined diameter has to go through easy through the hole you could do it. state. 16mm. There would be a spread. or technically clearance. between the diameter of the hole and the shaft. Alternatively you might desire the shaft to be a tight tantrum in the hole and machine the shaft somewhat larger than the hole –the method of finding the existent size will be discussed subsequently! In this instance you would necessitate to coerce the shaft into the hole. The hole and shaft diameters interfere with each other. Notice that it was suggested transporting the tantrum by changing the size of the shaft. Because the hole is the fixed size this system is based on the hole and is known as a hole footing. The hole in our illustration could merely as easy be a slot. channel. spread or similar internal characteristic whilst the shaft could be a lingua. tenon or similar external characteristic. You could. nevertheless. make up ones mind on a shaft size and vary the hole sizes to give assorted tantrums. This would be known as a shaft footing. A peculiar base is a shaft holding the same basic size throughout. which is designed to transport assorted parts required to piece a shaft with different tantrums. Suchfluctuations in tantrum required by bearings. yokes. neckbands skiding members or other parts would affect expensive machining of the shaft in order to change its diameter and to set the dullard of each portion to give the needed tantrum. 3. 0 S I System A set of units known as the metric system is used internationally by most states. It was introduced by the Gallic National Assembly tardily in the 16th century and was adopted by Ireland in the early 1970s. One of the chief features of the system is its denary nature ; hence. the transition between smaller and larger units is made by traveling the denary point to the left of right. The SI system of units ( Systeme International d’Unites ) . developed from the metric system. and has been defined and recommended as the system of pick for scientific usage worldwide. The primary units in the SI system which are of involvement to the motor machinist are as follows: QUANTITYUNITSYMBOL Length MetermMassKilogramkgCapacity LitrelTemperatureDegree CelsiusoCTemperatureDegree KelvinKTimeSecondsForceNewtonNHeat JoulejPower Wattw 4. 0 Derived Unit of measurements Derived units are those which can be expressed in footings of the primary units so as to supply more units to work with. There is a primary unit for length. but non for country or volume. nevertheless. it is possible to deduce units for country and volume from the primary units. Any country is measured as the merchandises of two lengths. It can be said that an country has the â€Å"dimensions† of ( length ) ten ( breadth ) and so is measured in squared units. Area = length x comprehensiveness and if the length of each of these is given in metres. so. country = m x m = M2 so the derived unit for country is the square metre which is written M2. Another derived unit is that of volume which is expressed in three-dimensional metres written as m3Volume = length x comprehensiveness x tallness ; m x m x m = M3 so the derived unit for volume is the three-dimensional metre which is written M3. Some of the more normally used derived units are given in the tabular array below. QUANTITYUNI TSYMBOL AreaSquare Meterm2Volume Cubic Meterm3Pressure Newton perN/m2Square Meter 5. 0 Basic Pulling Theory What follows are some background notes and basic instructions on making appropriate drawings. for different state of affairss. Read the notes and utilize these to assist finish the activities subsequently in the component. Graphic Methods †¢ Freehand studies –these are normally consecutive line pencil drawings. †¢ Pulling utilizing instruments and stencils. †¢ Airbrush techniques. †¢ Computer aided design – the usage of artworks plans and CAD ( Computer Aided Design ) . Block Diagrams and Flow Diagrams Check BS 5070.Block diagrams show strategies for finishing undertakings and flow diagrams might demo the way hydraulic fluid tallies in a brake system. or the way of coolant in a an engine. Conventional Diagrams These show the layout of the circuit utilizing sanctioned symbols. Circuit Diagrams This includes circuit diagrams utilizing sanctioned symbols. but besides may demo diagrams with full size constituents. A printed circuit board may be drawn full size or even larger than full size with the existent constituents in topographic point. The design of computing machine parts or printed circuit boards require big scale drawings as the concluding constituents are really little and 1:1 scale drawings would be unequal. or even impossible to pull. Circuit diagrams are drawn for pneumatic. hydraulic. electronic and electrical systems. Detailed Drawings Fully dimensioned drawings. sometimes to a really big graduated table. They may include tolerances and machining bounds. Assembly Drawings This includes orthographic foremost and 3rd angle. isometric and oblique line drawings. Perspective positions of a complete assembly. 6. 0 Orthographic Pulling There are two types of orthographic drawing ; these are called first angle projection and 3rd angle projection. Both pulling types show three positions of an object: a programa side or terminal positionand a front positionThe layout of the positions is difference in first and 3rd angle projections.When we look at an object we see in three dimensions. we see light and shade. colourss and shadows. Making an orthographic drawing of an object means taking the lineations of an object. The simplest objects to see are a regular hexahedron and a ball or sphere. When drawn. because this is a regular hexahedron and all the sides are the same. the front position. terminal position. and program will all look like this:The front position. stop position and plane of a ball or sphere will look like a circle. Check this for yourself! In first angle projection the layout is: In 3rd angle projection the layout is: The first angle projection was most common in Britain. The 3rd angle projection is more common in Europe and the USA. this has now been adopted in the UK. Oblique Positions These drawings show one side of an object in its true form. Other countries are drawn utilizing lines at 45 O to the lines of the side shown in true form. the regular hexahedron at the beginning of the subdivision shows an oblique type drawing. The lines which leave the side shown in true form or graduated table should be half their true length. Advantages: Lines on the true form can be measured and drawn to scale. Disadvantages: Does non give as realistic or comprehensive thought of the point as other pulling methods. for illustration perspective positions ( see subsequently ) Paper with 45 Os angles lines is available to set under you chalk outing paper as a guideline. Isometric Projection Whereas oblique drawing shows one face or one side in true graduated table. isometric Begins at one point. Vertical lines remain perpendicular. but other lines are drawn at 30 O to the horizontal.All the lengths remain to scale and a regular hexahedron form will go: The lines should wholly be to scale and the angles 30oThe advantage of this method is that the lines are to scale. but the disadvantage is the object may look ‘larger than existent size’ to the oculus. Paper with a grid of 30 Os angle lines is available to pull isometric undertakings. Perspective Drawings These are positions of an object or objects from a disappearing point. Sometimes two disappearing points are used. the drawings are called two point perspective drawings. The perpendicular line nearest the spectator is the lone line drawn to scale. These drawings are most utile when working out how parts are assembled†¦ A one point position of a box: 7. 0 Scale It is non ever possible to pull objects to their existent size. You can pull around your manus on an A4 piece of paper and this will be life size and the graduated table 1:1. there an point is excessively big to pull in existent size you can cut down the size. a graduated table of 1:2 will bring forth a half existent size drawing of the object. a graduated table of 1:10 will intend the drawing is one ten percent the size of the existent point. Sometimes it is necessary to enlarge points. for illustration circuit boards may be drawn at a graduated table larger than existent size. The scale 2:1 Means the drawing will be twice the size of the original point. Below are some illustrations of different graduated tables. Scale regulations are particular swayers which have a choice of different graduated tables. A reading of 1 on the 1:10 graduated table swayer will hold been adjusted to give one ten percent of the original value. 1 centimetre on the object will go 1 millimetre on the drawings Dimensioning Drawings Drawings are dimensioned utilizing all right lines with orderly pointers on each terminal of the line Dimensions are written above the line or to the left of the line.Small lines are used as projection lines and leave the drawing with a spread of about 2mm between the drawing and the line. Where round points are dimensioned diameter is given the symbol The radius of an point is given the symbol R. These symbols are paced in forepart of the dimensions. Centre lines of objects are marked by flecked lines dwelling of long elans and short elans. An illustration of a stud. end position: Hidden item is a term used in technology drawings to bespeak the lines of something behind what the oculus sees. Takes two boxes balanced one on the other –from the side the position may be. From above the position will be a solid lineation of the box on top. The box is below is non seeable and should be represented by a short mulct dashed line. The concealed item in the above drawing has been show by a gray line. 8. 0 Sections Many objects can non be to the full represented by 3rd angle projection pulling without the add-on of one or more subdivisions to the drawing. If you draw a children’s plastic ball. one which consists of a bed of plastic with air indoors. the terminal position. plane and front position are all circles. On the right is an n overdone position of what a subdivision through the ball might look like. The applied scientist has shaded the stuff to demo this position is a subdivision. The pointers indicate where the subdivision has been taken and which way the subdivision looks. It is utile to believe of a subdivision as what you will see if you cut across the line the pointers signifier. On little points all dimension will be given millimeters. on larger points the dimension may be in meters. The existent units will be stated in the drawing key. or information box. usually found at the underside of the drawing. whenever you look at any pulling it is really of import to read the cardinal first. before you being to work out what the pulling represents. 9. 0 Circuit Diagrams These represent electrical or electronic constituents. The symbols for these constituents are included in many up to day of the month books and accepted British or European Standard paperss. Some companies and concerns use their ain set of symbols. If this is the instance so they will supple these to makers. when they supply their drawings. Circuit diagrams frequently begin as studies. The formal circuit diagram. besides known as a conventional diagram. This circuit diagram shows straight lines and recognized symbols. There are no inside informations to demo where the constituents are found in the torch. No dimensions are given. so you do non cognize how long the electrical leads need to be. A study of a subdivision through a torch or program is needed to demo where the constituents are located and distances. sometimes makers supply exposure. for illustration where manuals are written for care. 10. 0 Block Diagrams and Flow Diagrams These diagrams use rectangular or square boxes to stand for procedures in a fabrication system. No determinations are involved. For illustration: bring forthing full boxes of cereal.This is a simplified version of a really complex mill procedure. three points are made and assembled. Flow Diagrams These show the way fluids move. for illustration H2O in a cardinal warming system. or compressed air lines in mills. hydraulic fluids in brakes. Simple studies are used with pointers to demo the way of fluid flow. They are of import where valves are installed in equipment as the diagrams will demo where the valves should be topographic point and when valves are designed to forestall fluids fluxing backwards. the way they should be placed. 11. 0 Hydraulics and Pneumaticss These systems use fluids ( either liquids or gases ) to convey forces from one topographic point to another. Pneumatic systems use tight air and the illustration most easy accessible to you is the equipment at garages used to make full Surs with air. Compressed air is besides used in industry to run machinery. Compressed air used to run machinery is peculiarly utile in environments where there is a danger that electrical flickers might do detonations or fires. for illustration mines. In power hydraulic systems the fluid is normally pressured oil. for illustration mechanical diggers. Other hydraulic systems include cardinal warming. H2O supply and pumps. The systems use drawings similar to circuit diagrams in electrical and electronic diagrams. but with a different set of symbols used to stand for valves. cylinders and other constituents. For illustration a directional control valve ( this will halt the fluid fluxing backwards ) is represented by the undermentioned symbol A push button switch may be represented by the undermentioned symbol Drawings for these systems have to be logical. some apprehension of OR AND GATES may be necessary to build and look into drawings for a pneumatic and hydraulic system. 12. 0 Questions on the Background Notes 1. Explain the difference between a block diagram and a flow diagram 2. Which types of technology information can be represented by circuit diagrams? 4. What information does pulling quantitative information give? 5. Pull the layout of the first angle projection and 3rd angle projection. 6. What angle does: aisometric projection usage? prohibition oblique position usage? 7. Which of the two pulling types named in inquiry 6 can be used to scale dimensions from? 8. Complete the undermentioned box demoing pulling sizes and their different graduated tables.9. On which sides of the dimension lines are the existent dimensions placed? 10. aWhat does R intend when topographic point in forepart of a dimension? bwhat symbol is used to stand for diameter? 11. What type of line represents:Ahidden item?Ba Centre line?Pull the right lines next to the inquiries.12. How would you cognize that portion of a drawing had been pulling in subdivision? 13. 0 Screw Thread Cutting Purposes and Aims Learning Result: By the terminal of this unit each learner will be able to:†¢ Describe the jeopardies and most appropriate safety processs required when boring mild steel. †¢ Drill holes in mild steel home base. Cut internal togss in the holes to suit manufactured bolts of assorted sizes. †¢ Produce external togss cut on unit of ammunition saloon to suit manufactured nuts of assorted sizes. †¢ Repair internal and external togss †¢ Removal of broken or damaged he-mans 14. 0 Cutting and Repairing Threads Using a thread pitch gage 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Identify the common types. length. diameter. class. and thread pitch of threaded fasteners. Safety cheque †¢ Never use a bolt that has been over-tightened. Its tensile strength is really low and it could interrupt. †¢ Use the right tool to fasten or loosen bolts. otherwise you could interrupt them. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Fasteners are used to procure constituents or pieces of constituents together. There are two chief types of fasteners: inch and metric. They are non compatible. †¢ Thunderbolts are identified in four ways: O Length O Diameter o Thread Pitch o Tensile Strength †¢ A bolt’s length is the distance from under the caput of the bolt to the far terminal of the yarn. Inch bolts can come in sizes such as 1 1?4? . 3 1?2? . etc. Metric bolt sizes might be 25mm. 40mm. etc. †¢ The bolt diameter is the thickness of the bolt shank. This will be 1?4? or 1?2? . etc if it is an inch bolt. or 6mm. 8mm. 10mm. etc if it is a metric bolt. †¢ Fine togss can accomplish a greater fastening force than harsh togss. †¢ Coarse togss are used in softer stuffs because they have a greater clasp on the stuff. †¢ The measuring of thread pitch for UNC and UNF bolts is described in the figure of threads-per-inch ( TPI ) . †¢ A UNF bolt may mensurate 1?2? ten 3? ten 20. That is. the bolt is 3? long. has a shank diameter of 1?2? and the threaded country has 20 togss in every inch of yarn. A UNC bolt that measures 1?2? ten 3? ten 13 will hold the same dimensions but have merely 13 togss for every inch of yarn. †¢ The length and shank diameter of metric bolts is measured in the same manner as UNF and UNC bolts but the measurings are in millimetres. instead than in inches or fractions of an inch. The difference lies in how the thread pitch is measured. Metric bolts define their pitch by the distance between each yarn. There are still all right and harsh togss but this clip the bolt dimension may be 6mm ten 40mm ten 1. 0 or 1. 25 in the instance of a all right yarn. A coarse threaded bolt of a similar size will hold the dimensions of 6mm ten 40mm ten 1. 75 or 2. 0. †¢ The suitableness of a bolt for an application is determined by its tensile strength and its output strength. The tensile strength is defined as the maximal stretching emphasis a bolt can defy without interrupting. The output strength is the maximal emphasis a bolt can defy and still return to its original signifier. †¢ There are two criterions of bolt scaling in usage. The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) and the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) apply the ANSI criterion. This rating applies to the strength of the bolt. The 2nd is the International Standards Organization ( ISO ) rating for tensile strength and output strength of the bolt. †¢ A bolt graded by the ANSI criterion is identified by the figure of lines arranged around the caput of the bolt. The minimal value of tensile strength is defined as 2. A bolt of this value has no lines on it’s on its caput. o 0 lines = Grade 2 tensile strength o 3 lines = Grade 5 o 5 lines = Grade 7 o 6 lines = Grade 8 †¢ A high grade-value = a high tensile value. †¢ The ISO standard utilizations two Numberss on the caput of the bolt. The first figure indicates the tensile strength ; the 2nd figure signifies the output strength. †¢ If a bolt is marked 8. 8. it has a tensile strength of 800 MegaPascals ( MPa ) and a output strength value of 640 MPa. 80 % of its tensile strength. A marker of 10. 9 indicates a tensile value of 1000 MPa with a output strength of 900 MPa. 90 % of its tensile strength. o 4 = 400 MPa o 5 = 500 MPa o 8 = 800 MPa o 10 = 1000 MPa O. 5 = 50 % O. 6 = 60 % O. 7 = 70 % . etc. †¢ Always use a bolt suitable for the application. If a bolt with excessively high tensile strength is used and non tightened to its designed value. it may neglect. That is because high tensile bolts have less opposition to tire than bolts with a lower tensile value. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose a pitch gage: To find the thread pitch of a peculiar fastener. you need to utilize a thread pitch gage. 2. Check gauge markers: Open out the pitch gage set and analyze the markers on the toothed blades. The markers will be either in inch units or in metric units. The Numberss stamped on the toothed blade of an inch gage set indicate the figure of togss per inch of thread length. For illustration: 16 togss to the inch. Look at the Numberss on the blade of a Metric pitch gage set. The Numberss indicate the breadth between each yarn in millimetres. For illustration: a thread pitch of 1. 5 millimetres. 3. Measure a known size: Choose a fastener of a size you know. Say. 3/8inch U-N-C bolt. Using your inch gage set. choice each blade and keep the toothed border against the yarn of the bolt. Continue seeking the blades until you find one that matches precisely the yarn on your bolt. Check the figure on the blade ; it should read 16. That is. 16 togss per inch. 4. Measure an unknown size: Now choose a fastener whose size you do non cognize. If it is a metric bolt. choose the metric yarn pitch gage. Repeat the process with the blades against the yarn of the bolt. until you find a perfect lucifer. Check the figure on the blade ; it will state you the thread pitch of this fastener in millimetres. 5. Correctly store gage: When you have finished. be certain to turn up all of the blades back into their shell before seting the gage set off. This is to protect the blade dentition from harm. 15. 0 Repairing an external yarn 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a dice to mend damaged togss in an automotive constituent. Safety cheque †¢ Use safety eyewear when utilizing cutting equipment. †¢ Do non run your fingers down a freshly cut yarn. It has many crisp borders that will cut your fingers and little metal atoms will get down an infection in the cut. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ A dice is a metalworking tool used to mend or cut new outside togss on fasteners. †¢ The dice is installed in a tool called a â€Å"die stock† . It gives the purchase to turn the dice over the new yarn. The diestock locates the dice in topographic point utilizing thumbscrews that match indentures in the outer border of the dice. †¢ The dice has a top and a underside. The underside has tapered togss to steer the yarn into the dice. †¢ Use a yarn cutting compound with the dice. It will maintain the cutting border of the dice crisp. leting it to be used many times. †¢ If cutting a new yarn on a bolt or he-man. do certain the top of the shank is square. This will assist take the die dentitions forthrightly onto the shank. †¢ Make certain the dice is square to the shaft of the he-man or bolt at the start of the thread film editing procedure. †¢ When cutting or mending a yarn. one time the dice has started to cut. turn the dice about a one-fourth of a bend so back off. Cut another one-fourth of the yarn and back away once more. Continue until the yarn has been cut. This action clears the cutting dentitions of any bit and gives a better coating. †¢ Once the yarn has been cut and the dice removed. clean the new yarn with a wire coppice. This will take any crisp borders and any left over bit from the new yarn. †¢ Do non utilize a twist to fasten the dice turn uping thumbscrews. 16. 0 Repairing an internal yarn 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a pat to mend damaged togss in an automotive constituent. Safety cheque †¢ Use safety eyewear when utilizing cutting equipment. †¢ The dentition of a pat are crisp. Be careful when managing the pat so that you do non wound yourself. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ There are three different types of yarn lights-outs: starting. intermediate and coating. †¢ A starting pat has a good tapering terminal. which is why it is sometimes called a â€Å"taper† pat. This allows the pat bit by bit to cut deeper togss as it passes through the occupation. It can be used to cut a yarn in work that has a thin adequate subdivision to let the pat to go through through it. It is besides used to execute the first cut in a unsighted hole. †¢ An intermediate or 2nd pat is used for the 2nd cut in a unsighted hole. It has fewer tapers than a tapering pat. which allows the togss at the underside of the hole to be more complete. †¢ A coating. bottoming or stopper pat is designed to cut the concluding yarn into a unsighted hole. It has about no taper. so the togss it cuts extend to the underside of the hole. †¢ Use a yarn cutting compound with the thread pat. It will maintain the cutting border of the pat crisp. leting it to be used many times. †¢ When cutting a new yarn into a hole. do certain the pat is square to the work piece. This will assist take the dentitions to cut forthrightly onto the shank. †¢ When cutting or mending a yarn. one time the pat has started to cut. turn it about a one-fourth of a bend so back off. so cut another one-fourth yarn and back away once more. Continue until the yarn has been cut. This action clears the cutting dentitions of any bit and gives a better coating. †¢ Once the yarn has been cut and the pat removed. clean the new yarn with an air dust storm. †¢ Do non utilize an impact twist on the pat. †¢ Practice on a scrap constituent before trying a existent one. Part 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose the right pat: Choose the right size and type of pat you need to mend the yarn. either in Metric or Inch. 2. Determine the thread size: Determine the thread size of the prison guard that should suit the damaged hole. Use a thread pitch gage to corroborate the size. 3. Choice matching pat: Choose the corresponding pat size and type: either a taper. intermediate or bottoming pat. 4. Fit the pat to the pat twist: Select either a T-handle twist or a handheld pat twist. and fit the square terminal of the pat shank into the chow on the twist so tighten the chow. 5. Use thread cutting compound: Use a little sum of thread cutting compound to the cutting dentition of the pat. Position the pat in the damaged hole. doing certain that it’s square to the hole and non at an angle. 6. Revolve the tap clockwise: Slowly and carefully turn the pat twist in a clockwise way into the damaged hole. You will experience the pat taking the metal from inside the hole. doing the yarn. Continue to turn the pat until it has bottomed in the hole or has passed all the manner through. 7. Remove the tap counterclockwise: To take the pat. turn the twist counter-clockwise up and out of the hole. Clean any filings or atoms from the cutting togss and the flute of the pat before you remove it from the twist. 8. Clean out the hole and trial it: Clean out any filings or atoms from the hole you have merely repaired. You can so prove the fix by utilizing the right size screw or bolt and fastening it by manus. Sometimes you’ll find the harm was so terrible that the pat wrench process fails to repair the job. If this happens refer the occupation to your superviso 17. 0 Remove and Replace a Stud 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Remove and replace a he-man with a jam and drive nut or a stud remover. Safety cheque †¢ Do non use excessively much force to old and corroded he-mans. They may interrupt if excessively much force is applied to them. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Studs can be removed and refitted utilizing two different methods: O Jam and thrust nut o Stud remover †¢ The jam and thrust nut method is used when the he-man is re-used because it does non damage the he-man. †¢ Stud removers are used to take damaged he-mans when jam and thrust nuts can non execute the undertaking. †¢ The most common type of he-man remover consists of a frame with two holes and a knurled beginning movable set of jaws. †¢ The holes are two different sizes. When you slide the he-man remover over the he-man. choose the hole that allows the jaw to hold the best purchase. †¢ Measure the open length of the bing he-man before remotion. †¢ After the he-man has been removed. compare it to the new one. They should be the same yarn and pitch. †¢ When suiting the new he-man. use the right yarn surfacing compound. It may be thread locking compound or an anti-rusting agent. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Use perforating fluid: If the he-man is rusted in topographic point. soak the base of the he-man togss with perforating fluid to take the corrosion and do it easier to take out. If possible. allow the penetrating fluid soak in nightlong. 2. Measure the old he-man: Before working on the old he-man. step its open part to verify the new he-man is the same size. Note the measuring. 3. Install the ‘drive’ nut: Find two nuts with the same size and yarn as the old he-man. and thread one of these all the manner down to the underside of the he-man. This will be the ‘drive’ nut. 4. Install the ‘jam’ nut: Weave the 2nd nut all the manner down until it sits on top of the thrust nut. This 2nd nut will be the ‘jam’ nut. 5. Tighten the ‘jam’ nut: Procure an open-end twist to the bottom â€Å"drive† nut and keep it in place. Then tighten the â€Å"jam† nut against the â€Å"drive nut† with a box or open-end twist. The jam nut will now forestall the thrust nut from traveling. 6. Turn the ‘drive’ nut: Use the open-end twist to turn the bottom thrust nut counter-clockwise. The thrust nut applies the turning force to the he-man and forces it to unscrew. 7. Remove the he-man: Continue to revolve the thrust nut until the he-man comes out. 8. Attach the he-man remover: If jam and thrust nuts don’t budge the he-man. you can utilize a he-man remover. Skid the he-man remover over the old he-man and place it flush with the surface of the constituent. Turn the jaws in a counter clockwise way until the he-man is held fast. 9. Turn counterclockwise: Fit a twist onto the he-man remover and turn the twist in a counter-clockwise way. The he-man remover will grip the he-man and turn it. Continue to revolve the he-man. utilizing the twist. until the he-man comes out. 10. Inspect for harm: Once you’ve removed the old he-man. inspect the internal yarn of the hole for any harm 18. 0 Using a prison guard extractor 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a prison guard extractor to take a broken he-man or prison guard. Safety cheque †¢ Always wear oculus protection when boring and taking a broken he-man or bolt. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Fasteners can neglect for many grounds: over-tightening. over-stressing. weariness and old age are all possible causes. †¢ If the fastener is broken near the surface. a screw extractor will be needed to take it. †¢ Screw extractors are available in two common types: One has reverse togss and the other has straight flutes. †¢ The fastener needs to be drilled before the prison guard extractor can be inserted. †¢ Always bore to the size recommended by the prison guard extractor instructions. If you are diffident of the right size. inquire your supervisor. †¢ If a fastener is rusted into topographic point. utilize a penetrating fluid on the togss and let it clip to work before trying to loosen it. †¢ Sometimes the fastener can be made easier to take by the application of heat to the environing country. Ask your supervisor to show this to you. †¢ When suiting a replacing he-man. use the recommended coating to the yarn. It may be thread locking or anti-seize compound. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the application and usage of the compound. †¢ Use a jam and thrust nut to suit the replacing he-man. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose the correct tools for the occupation: Open your screw extractor set and analyze the instructions. which should be enclosed. Identify and choose the right size drill and screw extractor for the occupation. 2. Mark the exact centre: With a centre clout. tag the exact centre of the broken prison guard to acquire the power drill started. 3. Bore a hole: Bore a hole through the centre of the bolt. Drill merely to the deepness specified in your prison guard extractor instructions. 4. Choose the right size: Make sure you use the correct screw extractor – that is. the 1 that matches the drill spot you used. 5. Turn extractor counterclockwise: Because the prison guard extractor has reverse togss. you will necessitate to retrieve to turn it counter-clockwise. 6. Use a tap twist: Use a pat twist and turn the prison guard extractor into the hole. The contrary togss will coerce the extractor into the hole until the broken bolt or he-man is forced to turn. Continue turning until the he-man is removed.