What I Learned About The Elderly - 1295 Words

There are many changes that happen to people once they reach the age of sixty-five. They are now classified as the elderly and possibly grandparents. Aging has many benefits, such as retirement, but has some disadvantages as well, such as decreasing in health. These aging concepts and theories will be explained in further detail using my own personal experiences and references to the Family Life Now Textbook, including the two types of aging, elderly statistics, normative age-graded influences, ageism, sexual functioning and frequency and formal grandparenting. 1. What I learned about the elderly that I did not already know are some statistics from the Family Life Now textbook which include that there are thirty-five million adults over†¦show more content†¦I do not think the location of my home would become an issue because I would make any necessary changes, in location, in order for my mom to have a home. 5. If my mom lived with my family and I, I would have a separate b edroom available for her, but would let her choose wherever she would like to sleep because she has back problems and likes to sleep on the couch sometimes. My mom is very tidy and hardworking, so I do not think it would be necessary for me to have to set some ground rules for her living in my house. My mom is also very helpful and would provide me any assistance with the house or family schedule, such as picking up the children from school. 6. What I look forward to after the age of sixty-five is all the leisure time, retirement money, and the opportunity to travel whenever, wherever, and for however long I want. I also look forward to spoiling my grandchildren, telling them past experiences, and teaching them about life. What I am not looking forward to after the age of sixety-five is not being able to physically do some of the things I love doing now, such as morning runs and workouts, not having the amount of energy and strength as I do now, loosing my body figure, and cramps be coming more frequent. Some examples from Baltes’s, Lindenberger’s, and Straudinger’s normative age-graded influences that I am also not looking forward to after the age ofShow MoreRelatedRespecting Elders1559 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural to me, because when I was just a little girl, I was taught that I must always respect my elders, if I didnt, Id get a slap on my face by my parents. As I grew up, I came to realize the true meaning of the phrase, respect your elders, and I agree fully with my mothers teachings. I not only respected my elders, but I respected everyone around me. When I had my children, I taught them the same way my parents taught me, on how to respect their elders, and why. I never had any problems teachingRead MoreIntegrative Reflection On Friendly Home998 Words   |  4 Pageslisten to Mrs. Haynes, I have learned the role, the challenges, and the rewards that a social worker undergoes while working in a nursing home. Major Responsibilities, Challenges, and Rewards At Friendly Home, Shireen Haynes discussed the major responsibilities of the social workers at the nursing home. According to Mrs. Haynes, the social worker helps the people adjust to the new placement in the nursing home by doing social history with the person, which entails learning about the client’s likes,Read MoreThe Body Position Of The Resident1543 Words   |  7 Pages enjoyed ice cream, and I tried to combine the meals with bites of ice cream in between. He seemed to like the sensations created by the differences in taste and temperature. In addition, I sat and talked with Henry as well as offered encouragement. It also helped when I added sweetening or lightly salted the food whenever possible. This strategy worked well in maintaining his weight and health. Feeding elderly’s who had dysphagia or difficulty swallowing also proved challenging. When one hadRead MoreRespecting Elders1547 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural to me, because when I was just a little girl, I was taught that I must always respect my elders, if I didnt, Id get a slap on my face by my parents. As I grew up, I came to realize the true meaning of the phrase, respect your elders, and I agree fully with my mothers teachings. I not only respected my elders, but I respected everyone around me. When I had my children, I taught them the same way my parents taught me, on how to respect their elders, and why. I never had any problems teachingRead MoreEssay about Growing Old1073 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Oaks Convalescent Home, a skilled nursing facility for adults’ age 55 and older, I found this to be true. 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I knew my grandfather was there but it just did not seem like it was the real him as he was one of the faces I was scared of the most. Shortly after his passing the choir took at trip to sing at a nursing home. As I walked in I was immediately panickedRead MoreProject Leaders : Leadership Skills And Expertise1315 Words   |  6 Pagestheir roles within the organization or community, and stand-out from the congregation. Something must make the leader quite different from the other individuals, especially when the person is currently searching for a job, is worried about his/her job, or is worried about his/her job security given the condition of the current economy. Since this has continually been the case, it is even more significant in the current economy where project leaders are asked to perform more tasks with less cash. TheyRead MoreNurses Are Compassionate About Their Patients And Job1027 Words   |  5 Pagescompassionate about their patients and job. 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The City Of Branson s Fiscal Year Runs - 1680 Words

Budget Process Goals The City of Branson’s fiscal year runs January 1 through December 31. Typically, the budget preparation process begins in mid-July when budget documents and instructions are distributed by the Finance Department to the each city department. The various departments have approximately three weeks to assess any budget goals, capital and personnel requests, and to complete projections for the current fiscal year. By mid-August, the Finance Department completes a preliminary review of the departments’ budget, personnel and capital requests. The City Administrator then meets with the Finance Director to review any requests, and schedules one-on-one meetings with each department head. As the first organization in Missouri to implement Priority Based Budgeting, prior to their administrative review each department head is encouraged to perform a review of programs offered by their department and to establish what programs are not meeting the results identified by the board. The purpose of this process is to allow for reallocation of resources to programs that are determined to need more funding, in place of simply incrementally increasing the departmental line item budget. Aside from simply eliminating the programs that are not achieving desired results, the directors are encouraged to develop solutions to how the identified programs may perform more efficiently. Examples include identifying programs that may be: Mandated for the city to provide, but thatShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The Airline Industry2262 Words   |  10 Pagesexchange. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. 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Australian Metadata Retention Laws

Question: Discuss about the Australian Metadata Retention Laws. Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the term Privacy by referring to Metadata retention law, which is a scheme that is allegedly being implemented for protecting the country against various types of crimes as well as terrorism (Lindsay et al., 2015). The main aim of the essay is to illustrate the implications of privacy in context to web metrics as well as web data. The essay also illustrates the Contribution of Metadata retention laws in understanding the role of web metrics and web data in todays world. Discussion Definition of privacy Privacy is defined as an ability of a group or an individual to seclude the information, which is associated with them. The content as well boundaries, which are considered private, differs among various cultures as well as individuals. The domain of security is overlapped with the help of privacy, which includes proper use, as well as protection of information (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It has been analyzed that privacy can be sacrificed voluntarily in exchange for various perceived benefits. Data privacy is a type of privacy that is also known as information privacy, which deals with various capabilities of an organization as well as individuals for determining the sharing of data, by third parties (Williams Hardy, 2015). Privacy of data is enacted in a sectorial method that is helpful in creating a response towards the needs as well as requirements of some specific section or industry. Explanation of Privacy with reference to Metadata retention law Metadata retention law reflects that it is mainly implemented for protecting the country against various types of organized terrorism as well as crime but it is slammed as one of the major invasion of privacy. The metadata retention law was introduced by Tony Abbotts Liberal government into the parliament (Greenleaf, 2015). At that particular time, a plan was introduced by Attorney Roxon and it is identified that the plan is identical with the plans that is followed by the country (Clarke, 2015). The main intention that is present behind the proposed reform is to allow law enforcement agency to continue proper investigation of crime in the light of new technologies. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull was against the law and as a result he sternly opposed the law (North, 2016). After two years, Attorney and Tony Abbot introduced the scheme of data retention again and Turnbull has been asked for creating the full scheme. According to the government, all the new measures were introduced in the name of protecting the country from various threats (Lindsay et al., 2015). UK also adopted a similar type of retention law for minimizing the crimes. Metadata is essentially considered as the data of data. This is because a metadata around a phone call is helpful in providing all the information that is associated with the call. It generally includes everything that is done on the internet whether legally or illegally (Clarke, 2015) It helps in providing all the information about an email that is sent including its recipients, subject, and time (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It also helps in providing information about the location of a photo, the setting as well as the model of the camera with which the picture is taken (Sarre, 2015). Tracking of information requires a large amount of money as tracking of metadata will be helpful in burdening ISPs as well as Telco with very much massive bills. It is analyzed that the law appeared to be one of the most important scheme for protecting the country from crimes as well as terrorism but some people believe it as one of the biggest intrusion of policy in the history of Australia (Williams Hardy, 2015). The most important thing is that every call, text message, email etc are tracked by the government under the law (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It helps in providing us the tool that helps in ensuring the people about the threats of the country. The most significant information is that both the mobile service providers as well as internet providers needs to collect their metadata for two years (Shanapinda, 2017). It is the advice of law enforcement as well as security agency to retain data for two years, as it is very much needed for investigating complex as well as serious criminal matters (Lindsay et al., 2015). The request that is made by the agency helps in relating it to some straightforward as well as simple cases, which can be resolved very easily (Huston, 2015). It is identified that complex as well as serious cases including espionage, organized crime, financial crime, terrorism as well as the cases of public corruption needs very much lengthy investigations. Data plays one of the central roles in all the serious criminal as well as national security investigations therefore it is very much critical that both the security as well as law enforcement agencies must have the capability of accessing the data lawfully (Lindsay et al., 2015). It has been analyzed that data retention plans are very much useful for security but it threatens the privacy (Guild Carrera, 2014). The tracking data, emails, phone calls threatens the privacy of the users but on the other hand, it helps in gaining proper informant information, which is helpful in minimizing as well as avoiding cases of terrorism as well as crime. Contribution of Metadata retention laws in understanding the role of web metrics and web data Metadata retention helps in providing security to a country by minimizing the chances of crime as well as terrorism but it enhances privacy related risks. Similarly, web metrics are used for tracking significant information. Numerous web metrics are useful in tracking. It helps in tracking the number of visitors, referrals, bounce rate, exit pages, conversion rate and many more of a website (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). The web metrics is quite helpful in tracking the number of visitors who visited the website for performing various activities. The tracking of information about website visits does not help in revealing important information about the users, and as a result, privacy of the users is not threatened. The web metrics helps in tracking referral by getting information from the links that are visited by the users. The report of referrals helps in reflecting the number of visitors who are getting into the social media (Usher, 2013). It is also useful in getting information about other countries blogs as well as their search engines. The web metrics helps in reflecting the bounce rate of the website, which demonstrates that the user does not the information that they are searching for. It has both advantages as well as disadvantages and as a result, Google does not share information about their search term data in order to maintain privacy. Conversion rate is considered as one of the important feature that is tracked for achieving a specific goal of the website. Goals of the website include completing purchase, filling contract form or visualizing proper contract page (Guild Carrera, 2014). Conversion rate helps in measuring the success of the website, which is helpful in attracting more number of customers towards the website. Proper monitoring of conversion rate is also helpful in getting information about the site. If conversion rate is combined with the referral report then one should be able to see which sites are generating highest bounce. It has been analyzed that metadata retention plays a significant role in providing security for minimizing crime cases but on the other hand, it threatens the privacy of the people (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). For example, it provides information about an email that is sent including its recipients, subject, and time, location of a photo, the setting as well as the model of the camera with which the picture is taken (Gorman, Rowley Walton, 2015). However, web metrics helps in analyzing only important information like number of visitors, referrals, of a website for increasing the productivity as well as service of the organization by not harming the privacy of the users (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). It also helps in reflecting the bounce rate of the website, which demonstrates that the user for demonstrating the search engine of the users. Conclusion It was concluded that metadata retention law is quite significant for providing security in order to minimize terrorism as well as crime within a country but on the other hand, it threatens the privacy of the users, which is considered as serious issue. It is analyzed that the domain of security is overlapped with the help of privacy, which includes proper use, as well as protection of information. It is identified that web metrics are useful in tracking the number of visitors, referrals, bounce rate, exit pages, conversion rate and many more of a website by not threatening the privacy of the users. As a result, it is very much helpful as it helps in tracking proper as well as significant information for enhancing the productivity of an organization. References Clarke, R. (2015). Data retention as mass surveillance: the need for an evaluative framework.International Data Privacy Law,5(2), 121-132. Gorman, G. E., Rowley, J., Walton, G. (2015). Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals.Online Information Review. Greenleaf, G. (2015). Going against the flow: Australia enacts a data retention law. Guild, E., Carrera, S. (2014). The political and judicial life of metadata: Digital rights Ireland and the trail of the data retention directive. Huston, G. (2015). Metadata Retention and the Internet.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,3(1). Lindsay, D. F., Greenleaf, G., Daly, A., Waters, N., Molnar, A., Vaile, D. (2015). Australian Privacy Foundation Submission on the Data Retention Bill 2014. Martin, K. D., Borah, A., Palmatier, R. W. (2017). Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance.Journal of Marketing,81(1), 36-58. North, J. (2016). Metadata: It's not about you after all.Governance Directions,68(2), 96. Sarre, R. (2015). Metadata retention: A review of the policy implications for Australians.CRIME, JUSTICE AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD, 9. Shanapinda, S. (2017). Retention and disclosure of location information and location identifiers OTT content and communication services.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,4(4), 251-279. Usher, N. (2013). Al Jazeera English online: Understanding web metrics and news production when a quantified audience is not a commodified audience.Digital Journalism,1(3), 335-351. Williams, G., Hardy, K. (2015). National security reforms stage three: Metadata.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(1), 70.

Safety Precaution About Bench Fitting Shop Essay Sample free essay sample

By the terminal of this unit each learner will be able to:†¢ State the map of common workshop tools and equipment and the safety safeguards to be observed when utilizing this equipment †¢ Measure and grade out metal work exercisings †¢ Produce metal work exercisings by cutting. boring. tapping and screw weaving †¢ Drill out and replace pop studs as portion of a metal work exercising †¢ Re-tap damaged togss on a vehicle constituent i. e. he-mans or he-man holes 2. 0 Introduction In technology you are normally concerned with a figure of parts or constituents suiting together to do an assembly. so you must command the sizes of the parts to do certain they assemble right and will work as the interior decorator intended. Even if you are merely buying a saloon stock you need to cognize that any unmachined surfaces are suited sized for your application. In all theses instances the control of size and the assembly of constituents can be done with the aid of a bounds and fits criterion of some sort. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Precaution About Bench Fitting Shop Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is a tantrum in Engineering Footings? Imagine that you have drilled and reamed a hole 20mm in diameter in a piece of metal 14mm midst.You are now traveling to machine a diameter on the terminal of a 30mm saloon. If the machined diameter has to go through easy through the hole you could do it. state. 16mm. There would be a spread. or technically clearance. between the diameter of the hole and the shaft. Alternatively you might desire the shaft to be a tight tantrum in the hole and machine the shaft somewhat larger than the hole –the method of finding the existent size will be discussed subsequently! In this instance you would necessitate to coerce the shaft into the hole. The hole and shaft diameters interfere with each other. Notice that it was suggested transporting the tantrum by changing the size of the shaft. Because the hole is the fixed size this system is based on the hole and is known as a hole footing. The hole in our illustration could merely as easy be a slot. channel. spread or similar internal characteristic whilst the shaft could be a lingua. tenon or similar external characteristic. You could. nevertheless. make up ones mind on a shaft size and vary the hole sizes to give assorted tantrums. This would be known as a shaft footing. A peculiar base is a shaft holding the same basic size throughout. which is designed to transport assorted parts required to piece a shaft with different tantrums. Suchfluctuations in tantrum required by bearings. yokes. neckbands skiding members or other parts would affect expensive machining of the shaft in order to change its diameter and to set the dullard of each portion to give the needed tantrum. 3. 0 S I System A set of units known as the metric system is used internationally by most states. It was introduced by the Gallic National Assembly tardily in the 16th century and was adopted by Ireland in the early 1970s. One of the chief features of the system is its denary nature ; hence. the transition between smaller and larger units is made by traveling the denary point to the left of right. The SI system of units ( Systeme International d’Unites ) . developed from the metric system. and has been defined and recommended as the system of pick for scientific usage worldwide. The primary units in the SI system which are of involvement to the motor machinist are as follows: QUANTITYUNITSYMBOL Length MetermMassKilogramkgCapacity LitrelTemperatureDegree CelsiusoCTemperatureDegree KelvinKTimeSecondsForceNewtonNHeat JoulejPower Wattw 4. 0 Derived Unit of measurements Derived units are those which can be expressed in footings of the primary units so as to supply more units to work with. There is a primary unit for length. but non for country or volume. nevertheless. it is possible to deduce units for country and volume from the primary units. Any country is measured as the merchandises of two lengths. It can be said that an country has the â€Å"dimensions† of ( length ) ten ( breadth ) and so is measured in squared units. Area = length x comprehensiveness and if the length of each of these is given in metres. so. country = m x m = M2 so the derived unit for country is the square metre which is written M2. Another derived unit is that of volume which is expressed in three-dimensional metres written as m3Volume = length x comprehensiveness x tallness ; m x m x m = M3 so the derived unit for volume is the three-dimensional metre which is written M3. Some of the more normally used derived units are given in the tabular array below. QUANTITYUNI TSYMBOL AreaSquare Meterm2Volume Cubic Meterm3Pressure Newton perN/m2Square Meter 5. 0 Basic Pulling Theory What follows are some background notes and basic instructions on making appropriate drawings. for different state of affairss. Read the notes and utilize these to assist finish the activities subsequently in the component. Graphic Methods †¢ Freehand studies –these are normally consecutive line pencil drawings. †¢ Pulling utilizing instruments and stencils. †¢ Airbrush techniques. †¢ Computer aided design – the usage of artworks plans and CAD ( Computer Aided Design ) . Block Diagrams and Flow Diagrams Check BS 5070.Block diagrams show strategies for finishing undertakings and flow diagrams might demo the way hydraulic fluid tallies in a brake system. or the way of coolant in a an engine. Conventional Diagrams These show the layout of the circuit utilizing sanctioned symbols. Circuit Diagrams This includes circuit diagrams utilizing sanctioned symbols. but besides may demo diagrams with full size constituents. A printed circuit board may be drawn full size or even larger than full size with the existent constituents in topographic point. The design of computing machine parts or printed circuit boards require big scale drawings as the concluding constituents are really little and 1:1 scale drawings would be unequal. or even impossible to pull. Circuit diagrams are drawn for pneumatic. hydraulic. electronic and electrical systems. Detailed Drawings Fully dimensioned drawings. sometimes to a really big graduated table. They may include tolerances and machining bounds. Assembly Drawings This includes orthographic foremost and 3rd angle. isometric and oblique line drawings. Perspective positions of a complete assembly. 6. 0 Orthographic Pulling There are two types of orthographic drawing ; these are called first angle projection and 3rd angle projection. Both pulling types show three positions of an object: a programa side or terminal positionand a front positionThe layout of the positions is difference in first and 3rd angle projections.When we look at an object we see in three dimensions. we see light and shade. colourss and shadows. Making an orthographic drawing of an object means taking the lineations of an object. The simplest objects to see are a regular hexahedron and a ball or sphere. When drawn. because this is a regular hexahedron and all the sides are the same. the front position. terminal position. and program will all look like this:The front position. stop position and plane of a ball or sphere will look like a circle. Check this for yourself! In first angle projection the layout is: In 3rd angle projection the layout is: The first angle projection was most common in Britain. The 3rd angle projection is more common in Europe and the USA. this has now been adopted in the UK. Oblique Positions These drawings show one side of an object in its true form. Other countries are drawn utilizing lines at 45 O to the lines of the side shown in true form. the regular hexahedron at the beginning of the subdivision shows an oblique type drawing. The lines which leave the side shown in true form or graduated table should be half their true length. Advantages: Lines on the true form can be measured and drawn to scale. Disadvantages: Does non give as realistic or comprehensive thought of the point as other pulling methods. for illustration perspective positions ( see subsequently ) Paper with 45 Os angles lines is available to set under you chalk outing paper as a guideline. Isometric Projection Whereas oblique drawing shows one face or one side in true graduated table. isometric Begins at one point. Vertical lines remain perpendicular. but other lines are drawn at 30 O to the horizontal.All the lengths remain to scale and a regular hexahedron form will go: The lines should wholly be to scale and the angles 30oThe advantage of this method is that the lines are to scale. but the disadvantage is the object may look ‘larger than existent size’ to the oculus. Paper with a grid of 30 Os angle lines is available to pull isometric undertakings. Perspective Drawings These are positions of an object or objects from a disappearing point. Sometimes two disappearing points are used. the drawings are called two point perspective drawings. The perpendicular line nearest the spectator is the lone line drawn to scale. These drawings are most utile when working out how parts are assembled†¦ A one point position of a box: 7. 0 Scale It is non ever possible to pull objects to their existent size. You can pull around your manus on an A4 piece of paper and this will be life size and the graduated table 1:1. there an point is excessively big to pull in existent size you can cut down the size. a graduated table of 1:2 will bring forth a half existent size drawing of the object. a graduated table of 1:10 will intend the drawing is one ten percent the size of the existent point. Sometimes it is necessary to enlarge points. for illustration circuit boards may be drawn at a graduated table larger than existent size. The scale 2:1 Means the drawing will be twice the size of the original point. Below are some illustrations of different graduated tables. Scale regulations are particular swayers which have a choice of different graduated tables. A reading of 1 on the 1:10 graduated table swayer will hold been adjusted to give one ten percent of the original value. 1 centimetre on the object will go 1 millimetre on the drawings Dimensioning Drawings Drawings are dimensioned utilizing all right lines with orderly pointers on each terminal of the line Dimensions are written above the line or to the left of the line.Small lines are used as projection lines and leave the drawing with a spread of about 2mm between the drawing and the line. Where round points are dimensioned diameter is given the symbol The radius of an point is given the symbol R. These symbols are paced in forepart of the dimensions. Centre lines of objects are marked by flecked lines dwelling of long elans and short elans. An illustration of a stud. end position: Hidden item is a term used in technology drawings to bespeak the lines of something behind what the oculus sees. Takes two boxes balanced one on the other –from the side the position may be. From above the position will be a solid lineation of the box on top. The box is below is non seeable and should be represented by a short mulct dashed line. The concealed item in the above drawing has been show by a gray line. 8. 0 Sections Many objects can non be to the full represented by 3rd angle projection pulling without the add-on of one or more subdivisions to the drawing. If you draw a children’s plastic ball. one which consists of a bed of plastic with air indoors. the terminal position. plane and front position are all circles. On the right is an n overdone position of what a subdivision through the ball might look like. The applied scientist has shaded the stuff to demo this position is a subdivision. The pointers indicate where the subdivision has been taken and which way the subdivision looks. It is utile to believe of a subdivision as what you will see if you cut across the line the pointers signifier. On little points all dimension will be given millimeters. on larger points the dimension may be in meters. The existent units will be stated in the drawing key. or information box. usually found at the underside of the drawing. whenever you look at any pulling it is really of import to read the cardinal first. before you being to work out what the pulling represents. 9. 0 Circuit Diagrams These represent electrical or electronic constituents. The symbols for these constituents are included in many up to day of the month books and accepted British or European Standard paperss. Some companies and concerns use their ain set of symbols. If this is the instance so they will supple these to makers. when they supply their drawings. Circuit diagrams frequently begin as studies. The formal circuit diagram. besides known as a conventional diagram. This circuit diagram shows straight lines and recognized symbols. There are no inside informations to demo where the constituents are found in the torch. No dimensions are given. so you do non cognize how long the electrical leads need to be. A study of a subdivision through a torch or program is needed to demo where the constituents are located and distances. sometimes makers supply exposure. for illustration where manuals are written for care. 10. 0 Block Diagrams and Flow Diagrams These diagrams use rectangular or square boxes to stand for procedures in a fabrication system. No determinations are involved. For illustration: bring forthing full boxes of cereal.This is a simplified version of a really complex mill procedure. three points are made and assembled. Flow Diagrams These show the way fluids move. for illustration H2O in a cardinal warming system. or compressed air lines in mills. hydraulic fluids in brakes. Simple studies are used with pointers to demo the way of fluid flow. They are of import where valves are installed in equipment as the diagrams will demo where the valves should be topographic point and when valves are designed to forestall fluids fluxing backwards. the way they should be placed. 11. 0 Hydraulics and Pneumaticss These systems use fluids ( either liquids or gases ) to convey forces from one topographic point to another. Pneumatic systems use tight air and the illustration most easy accessible to you is the equipment at garages used to make full Surs with air. Compressed air is besides used in industry to run machinery. Compressed air used to run machinery is peculiarly utile in environments where there is a danger that electrical flickers might do detonations or fires. for illustration mines. In power hydraulic systems the fluid is normally pressured oil. for illustration mechanical diggers. Other hydraulic systems include cardinal warming. H2O supply and pumps. The systems use drawings similar to circuit diagrams in electrical and electronic diagrams. but with a different set of symbols used to stand for valves. cylinders and other constituents. For illustration a directional control valve ( this will halt the fluid fluxing backwards ) is represented by the undermentioned symbol A push button switch may be represented by the undermentioned symbol Drawings for these systems have to be logical. some apprehension of OR AND GATES may be necessary to build and look into drawings for a pneumatic and hydraulic system. 12. 0 Questions on the Background Notes 1. Explain the difference between a block diagram and a flow diagram 2. Which types of technology information can be represented by circuit diagrams? 4. What information does pulling quantitative information give? 5. Pull the layout of the first angle projection and 3rd angle projection. 6. What angle does: aisometric projection usage? prohibition oblique position usage? 7. Which of the two pulling types named in inquiry 6 can be used to scale dimensions from? 8. Complete the undermentioned box demoing pulling sizes and their different graduated tables.9. On which sides of the dimension lines are the existent dimensions placed? 10. aWhat does R intend when topographic point in forepart of a dimension? bwhat symbol is used to stand for diameter? 11. What type of line represents:Ahidden item?Ba Centre line?Pull the right lines next to the inquiries.12. How would you cognize that portion of a drawing had been pulling in subdivision? 13. 0 Screw Thread Cutting Purposes and Aims Learning Result: By the terminal of this unit each learner will be able to:†¢ Describe the jeopardies and most appropriate safety processs required when boring mild steel. †¢ Drill holes in mild steel home base. Cut internal togss in the holes to suit manufactured bolts of assorted sizes. †¢ Produce external togss cut on unit of ammunition saloon to suit manufactured nuts of assorted sizes. †¢ Repair internal and external togss †¢ Removal of broken or damaged he-mans 14. 0 Cutting and Repairing Threads Using a thread pitch gage 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Identify the common types. length. diameter. class. and thread pitch of threaded fasteners. Safety cheque †¢ Never use a bolt that has been over-tightened. Its tensile strength is really low and it could interrupt. †¢ Use the right tool to fasten or loosen bolts. otherwise you could interrupt them. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Fasteners are used to procure constituents or pieces of constituents together. There are two chief types of fasteners: inch and metric. They are non compatible. †¢ Thunderbolts are identified in four ways: O Length O Diameter o Thread Pitch o Tensile Strength †¢ A bolt’s length is the distance from under the caput of the bolt to the far terminal of the yarn. Inch bolts can come in sizes such as 1 1?4? . 3 1?2? . etc. Metric bolt sizes might be 25mm. 40mm. etc. †¢ The bolt diameter is the thickness of the bolt shank. This will be 1?4? or 1?2? . etc if it is an inch bolt. or 6mm. 8mm. 10mm. etc if it is a metric bolt. †¢ Fine togss can accomplish a greater fastening force than harsh togss. †¢ Coarse togss are used in softer stuffs because they have a greater clasp on the stuff. †¢ The measuring of thread pitch for UNC and UNF bolts is described in the figure of threads-per-inch ( TPI ) . †¢ A UNF bolt may mensurate 1?2? ten 3? ten 20. That is. the bolt is 3? long. has a shank diameter of 1?2? and the threaded country has 20 togss in every inch of yarn. A UNC bolt that measures 1?2? ten 3? ten 13 will hold the same dimensions but have merely 13 togss for every inch of yarn. †¢ The length and shank diameter of metric bolts is measured in the same manner as UNF and UNC bolts but the measurings are in millimetres. instead than in inches or fractions of an inch. The difference lies in how the thread pitch is measured. Metric bolts define their pitch by the distance between each yarn. There are still all right and harsh togss but this clip the bolt dimension may be 6mm ten 40mm ten 1. 0 or 1. 25 in the instance of a all right yarn. A coarse threaded bolt of a similar size will hold the dimensions of 6mm ten 40mm ten 1. 75 or 2. 0. †¢ The suitableness of a bolt for an application is determined by its tensile strength and its output strength. The tensile strength is defined as the maximal stretching emphasis a bolt can defy without interrupting. The output strength is the maximal emphasis a bolt can defy and still return to its original signifier. †¢ There are two criterions of bolt scaling in usage. The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) and the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) apply the ANSI criterion. This rating applies to the strength of the bolt. The 2nd is the International Standards Organization ( ISO ) rating for tensile strength and output strength of the bolt. †¢ A bolt graded by the ANSI criterion is identified by the figure of lines arranged around the caput of the bolt. The minimal value of tensile strength is defined as 2. A bolt of this value has no lines on it’s on its caput. o 0 lines = Grade 2 tensile strength o 3 lines = Grade 5 o 5 lines = Grade 7 o 6 lines = Grade 8 †¢ A high grade-value = a high tensile value. †¢ The ISO standard utilizations two Numberss on the caput of the bolt. The first figure indicates the tensile strength ; the 2nd figure signifies the output strength. †¢ If a bolt is marked 8. 8. it has a tensile strength of 800 MegaPascals ( MPa ) and a output strength value of 640 MPa. 80 % of its tensile strength. A marker of 10. 9 indicates a tensile value of 1000 MPa with a output strength of 900 MPa. 90 % of its tensile strength. o 4 = 400 MPa o 5 = 500 MPa o 8 = 800 MPa o 10 = 1000 MPa O. 5 = 50 % O. 6 = 60 % O. 7 = 70 % . etc. †¢ Always use a bolt suitable for the application. If a bolt with excessively high tensile strength is used and non tightened to its designed value. it may neglect. That is because high tensile bolts have less opposition to tire than bolts with a lower tensile value. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose a pitch gage: To find the thread pitch of a peculiar fastener. you need to utilize a thread pitch gage. 2. Check gauge markers: Open out the pitch gage set and analyze the markers on the toothed blades. The markers will be either in inch units or in metric units. The Numberss stamped on the toothed blade of an inch gage set indicate the figure of togss per inch of thread length. For illustration: 16 togss to the inch. Look at the Numberss on the blade of a Metric pitch gage set. The Numberss indicate the breadth between each yarn in millimetres. For illustration: a thread pitch of 1. 5 millimetres. 3. Measure a known size: Choose a fastener of a size you know. Say. 3/8inch U-N-C bolt. Using your inch gage set. choice each blade and keep the toothed border against the yarn of the bolt. Continue seeking the blades until you find one that matches precisely the yarn on your bolt. Check the figure on the blade ; it should read 16. That is. 16 togss per inch. 4. Measure an unknown size: Now choose a fastener whose size you do non cognize. If it is a metric bolt. choose the metric yarn pitch gage. Repeat the process with the blades against the yarn of the bolt. until you find a perfect lucifer. Check the figure on the blade ; it will state you the thread pitch of this fastener in millimetres. 5. Correctly store gage: When you have finished. be certain to turn up all of the blades back into their shell before seting the gage set off. This is to protect the blade dentition from harm. 15. 0 Repairing an external yarn 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a dice to mend damaged togss in an automotive constituent. Safety cheque †¢ Use safety eyewear when utilizing cutting equipment. †¢ Do non run your fingers down a freshly cut yarn. It has many crisp borders that will cut your fingers and little metal atoms will get down an infection in the cut. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ A dice is a metalworking tool used to mend or cut new outside togss on fasteners. †¢ The dice is installed in a tool called a â€Å"die stock† . It gives the purchase to turn the dice over the new yarn. The diestock locates the dice in topographic point utilizing thumbscrews that match indentures in the outer border of the dice. †¢ The dice has a top and a underside. The underside has tapered togss to steer the yarn into the dice. †¢ Use a yarn cutting compound with the dice. It will maintain the cutting border of the dice crisp. leting it to be used many times. †¢ If cutting a new yarn on a bolt or he-man. do certain the top of the shank is square. This will assist take the die dentitions forthrightly onto the shank. †¢ Make certain the dice is square to the shaft of the he-man or bolt at the start of the thread film editing procedure. †¢ When cutting or mending a yarn. one time the dice has started to cut. turn the dice about a one-fourth of a bend so back off. Cut another one-fourth of the yarn and back away once more. Continue until the yarn has been cut. This action clears the cutting dentitions of any bit and gives a better coating. †¢ Once the yarn has been cut and the dice removed. clean the new yarn with a wire coppice. This will take any crisp borders and any left over bit from the new yarn. †¢ Do non utilize a twist to fasten the dice turn uping thumbscrews. 16. 0 Repairing an internal yarn 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a pat to mend damaged togss in an automotive constituent. Safety cheque †¢ Use safety eyewear when utilizing cutting equipment. †¢ The dentition of a pat are crisp. Be careful when managing the pat so that you do non wound yourself. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ There are three different types of yarn lights-outs: starting. intermediate and coating. †¢ A starting pat has a good tapering terminal. which is why it is sometimes called a â€Å"taper† pat. This allows the pat bit by bit to cut deeper togss as it passes through the occupation. It can be used to cut a yarn in work that has a thin adequate subdivision to let the pat to go through through it. It is besides used to execute the first cut in a unsighted hole. †¢ An intermediate or 2nd pat is used for the 2nd cut in a unsighted hole. It has fewer tapers than a tapering pat. which allows the togss at the underside of the hole to be more complete. †¢ A coating. bottoming or stopper pat is designed to cut the concluding yarn into a unsighted hole. It has about no taper. so the togss it cuts extend to the underside of the hole. †¢ Use a yarn cutting compound with the thread pat. It will maintain the cutting border of the pat crisp. leting it to be used many times. †¢ When cutting a new yarn into a hole. do certain the pat is square to the work piece. This will assist take the dentitions to cut forthrightly onto the shank. †¢ When cutting or mending a yarn. one time the pat has started to cut. turn it about a one-fourth of a bend so back off. so cut another one-fourth yarn and back away once more. Continue until the yarn has been cut. This action clears the cutting dentitions of any bit and gives a better coating. †¢ Once the yarn has been cut and the pat removed. clean the new yarn with an air dust storm. †¢ Do non utilize an impact twist on the pat. †¢ Practice on a scrap constituent before trying a existent one. Part 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose the right pat: Choose the right size and type of pat you need to mend the yarn. either in Metric or Inch. 2. Determine the thread size: Determine the thread size of the prison guard that should suit the damaged hole. Use a thread pitch gage to corroborate the size. 3. Choice matching pat: Choose the corresponding pat size and type: either a taper. intermediate or bottoming pat. 4. Fit the pat to the pat twist: Select either a T-handle twist or a handheld pat twist. and fit the square terminal of the pat shank into the chow on the twist so tighten the chow. 5. Use thread cutting compound: Use a little sum of thread cutting compound to the cutting dentition of the pat. Position the pat in the damaged hole. doing certain that it’s square to the hole and non at an angle. 6. Revolve the tap clockwise: Slowly and carefully turn the pat twist in a clockwise way into the damaged hole. You will experience the pat taking the metal from inside the hole. doing the yarn. Continue to turn the pat until it has bottomed in the hole or has passed all the manner through. 7. Remove the tap counterclockwise: To take the pat. turn the twist counter-clockwise up and out of the hole. Clean any filings or atoms from the cutting togss and the flute of the pat before you remove it from the twist. 8. Clean out the hole and trial it: Clean out any filings or atoms from the hole you have merely repaired. You can so prove the fix by utilizing the right size screw or bolt and fastening it by manus. Sometimes you’ll find the harm was so terrible that the pat wrench process fails to repair the job. If this happens refer the occupation to your superviso 17. 0 Remove and Replace a Stud 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Remove and replace a he-man with a jam and drive nut or a stud remover. Safety cheque †¢ Do non use excessively much force to old and corroded he-mans. They may interrupt if excessively much force is applied to them. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Studs can be removed and refitted utilizing two different methods: O Jam and thrust nut o Stud remover †¢ The jam and thrust nut method is used when the he-man is re-used because it does non damage the he-man. †¢ Stud removers are used to take damaged he-mans when jam and thrust nuts can non execute the undertaking. †¢ The most common type of he-man remover consists of a frame with two holes and a knurled beginning movable set of jaws. †¢ The holes are two different sizes. When you slide the he-man remover over the he-man. choose the hole that allows the jaw to hold the best purchase. †¢ Measure the open length of the bing he-man before remotion. †¢ After the he-man has been removed. compare it to the new one. They should be the same yarn and pitch. †¢ When suiting the new he-man. use the right yarn surfacing compound. It may be thread locking compound or an anti-rusting agent. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Use perforating fluid: If the he-man is rusted in topographic point. soak the base of the he-man togss with perforating fluid to take the corrosion and do it easier to take out. If possible. allow the penetrating fluid soak in nightlong. 2. Measure the old he-man: Before working on the old he-man. step its open part to verify the new he-man is the same size. Note the measuring. 3. Install the ‘drive’ nut: Find two nuts with the same size and yarn as the old he-man. and thread one of these all the manner down to the underside of the he-man. This will be the ‘drive’ nut. 4. Install the ‘jam’ nut: Weave the 2nd nut all the manner down until it sits on top of the thrust nut. This 2nd nut will be the ‘jam’ nut. 5. Tighten the ‘jam’ nut: Procure an open-end twist to the bottom â€Å"drive† nut and keep it in place. Then tighten the â€Å"jam† nut against the â€Å"drive nut† with a box or open-end twist. The jam nut will now forestall the thrust nut from traveling. 6. Turn the ‘drive’ nut: Use the open-end twist to turn the bottom thrust nut counter-clockwise. The thrust nut applies the turning force to the he-man and forces it to unscrew. 7. Remove the he-man: Continue to revolve the thrust nut until the he-man comes out. 8. Attach the he-man remover: If jam and thrust nuts don’t budge the he-man. you can utilize a he-man remover. Skid the he-man remover over the old he-man and place it flush with the surface of the constituent. Turn the jaws in a counter clockwise way until the he-man is held fast. 9. Turn counterclockwise: Fit a twist onto the he-man remover and turn the twist in a counter-clockwise way. The he-man remover will grip the he-man and turn it. Continue to revolve the he-man. utilizing the twist. until the he-man comes out. 10. Inspect for harm: Once you’ve removed the old he-man. inspect the internal yarn of the hole for any harm 18. 0 Using a prison guard extractor 1. Preparation and safety Aim †¢ Use a prison guard extractor to take a broken he-man or prison guard. Safety cheque †¢ Always wear oculus protection when boring and taking a broken he-man or bolt. †¢ Make certain that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety processs when transporting out the undermentioned undertakings. If you are diffident of what these are. inquire your supervisor. Points to observe †¢ Fasteners can neglect for many grounds: over-tightening. over-stressing. weariness and old age are all possible causes. †¢ If the fastener is broken near the surface. a screw extractor will be needed to take it. †¢ Screw extractors are available in two common types: One has reverse togss and the other has straight flutes. †¢ The fastener needs to be drilled before the prison guard extractor can be inserted. †¢ Always bore to the size recommended by the prison guard extractor instructions. If you are diffident of the right size. inquire your supervisor. †¢ If a fastener is rusted into topographic point. utilize a penetrating fluid on the togss and let it clip to work before trying to loosen it. †¢ Sometimes the fastener can be made easier to take by the application of heat to the environing country. Ask your supervisor to show this to you. †¢ When suiting a replacing he-man. use the recommended coating to the yarn. It may be thread locking or anti-seize compound. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the application and usage of the compound. †¢ Use a jam and thrust nut to suit the replacing he-man. 2: Bit-by-bit direction 1. Choose the correct tools for the occupation: Open your screw extractor set and analyze the instructions. which should be enclosed. Identify and choose the right size drill and screw extractor for the occupation. 2. Mark the exact centre: With a centre clout. tag the exact centre of the broken prison guard to acquire the power drill started. 3. Bore a hole: Bore a hole through the centre of the bolt. Drill merely to the deepness specified in your prison guard extractor instructions. 4. Choose the right size: Make sure you use the correct screw extractor – that is. the 1 that matches the drill spot you used. 5. Turn extractor counterclockwise: Because the prison guard extractor has reverse togss. you will necessitate to retrieve to turn it counter-clockwise. 6. Use a tap twist: Use a pat twist and turn the prison guard extractor into the hole. The contrary togss will coerce the extractor into the hole until the broken bolt or he-man is forced to turn. Continue turning until the he-man is removed.

List of Supplies for High School Students

List of Supplies for High School Students One of the best ways to  be successful in high school is to have  a complete set of study items on hand. Not only will you be prepared for just about every assignment, youll also avoid time-consuming last-minute trips to the store.   General Supplies for All Grades Some supplies are necessary to have  year after year, no matter what grade youre in. Right before the new school year begins, invest in these items and youll be good to go. You dont have to spend a lot of money to have a full stock of supplies. Many of these items can be found at dollar and other discount stores. Backpack3-ring binderPocket foldersNotebook DividersColored pencilsNo. 2 pencilsErasersPencil sharpenerPencil casePensHighlightersMarkersLined notebook paperGraph paperSpiral notebooksComputer printer paperFlash driveGlue stickHand sanitizerLocker organizersOrganizer/plannerPaper clipsScissorsStapler3-hole punchPoster paintsPoster paperPublic library card Extra supplies might be necessary as well but will differ from school to school and class to class. Check with your teachers for specifics. Supplies for 9th  Grade Students beginning their first year of high school may take a variety of classes. Depending on your course schedule, supplies may vary. Algebra I Scientific calculator with fraction key Geometry Scientific calculator with fraction keyCircular protractorRuler marked with inches and centimetersCompass Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary  (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 10th  Grade Many students are likely to take the following classes in 10th  grade. Depending on your course schedule, supplies may vary. Algebra II Scientific calculator with fraction key Geometry Scientific calculator with fraction keyCircular protractorRuler marked with inches and centimetersCompass Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary  (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 11th Grade Juniors should be prepared for typical 11th-grade classes by having these supplies on hand: Biology II Science/Biology dictionary (or  smartphone app) Calculus Graphing calculator, such as TI-83 or 86 Accounting Four-function calculator with percent key Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 12th  Grade Plan for these typical senior-year classes with the following items: Marketing Four-function calculator with percent key Statistics Scientific calculator with fraction key Chemistry or Physics Scientific calculator Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Additional Supplies If your familys budget allows, these items will also be helpful in your studies: Laptop or Notebook Computer: You will likely have access to a computer lab on campus or at the public library, but a laptop or notebook computer with a click-on keyboard will allow you to do your work anywhere.Smartphone:  While your teachers will likely not allow phones in the classroom, having access to a smartphone will enable you to use a wealth of education-related apps and websites.Printer/Scanner:  Although you may be able to print your work out on your schools printers, having one at home is much more convenient- and it will allow you to check your work more easily. Make sure to get one with scanning capabilities. Scanners can be used to  create study guides from your books, which will help you in everything from preparing for tests to writing a research paper.Post-Itâ„ ¢ Easel Pads:  This item is useful for brainstorming, especially in a study-group setting. Its basically a pad of giant sticky notes that you can fill with ideas and list items and then stick to a  wall or any other surface.   Smartpen by Livescribe:  This is a favorite tool for math students, who may get it during a lecture in class, but then lose it when they sit down to work the problems on their own. The Smartpen  will allow you to  record a lecture while taking notes, and then afterward  place the pen tip on any word or drawing and listen to the part of the lecture that was taking place when those notes were recorded.

How to Write an Effective News Article

How to Write an Effective News Article Whether youre interested in writing for a school newspaper, fulfilling a requirement for a class, or seeking a writing job in journalism, youll need to write like a professional to produce a good article. So what does it take to write like a real reporter? Researching the News Story First, you must decide what to write about. Sometimes an editor or instructor will give you assignments, but often you’ll have to find your own topics to cover. If you have a choice about the topic, you might be able to pick a subject related to your personal experience or family history, which would give you a strong framework and a dose of perspective. However, you must work to avoid bias. You may have strong opinions that could affect your conclusions. Beware of fallacies in your logic. You also could pick a topic that revolves around a strong interest, such as your favorite sport. Even if you end up with a topic close to your heart, you should begin with research, using books and articles that will give you a full understanding of the subject. Go to the library and find background information about people, organizations, and events you intend to cover. Next, interview a few people to collect more information and quotes that reflect the public’s perception of the event or story. Dont be intimidated by the idea of interviewing important or newsworthy people.  An interview can be as formal or informal as you want to make it, so relax and have fun with it. Find people with backgrounds in the topic and strong opinions, and carefully write down their responses for accuracy. Let the interviewees know that you will be quoting them. Parts of a News Article Before you write your first draft, you should be aware of the parts that make up a news story: Headline or title: The headline  of your article should be catchy and to the point. You should punctuate your title using Associated Press style guidelines, which specify, for instance, that the first word is capitalized, but, unlike other title styles, words after the first word (except for proper nouns) typically arent. Numbers arent spelled out. Other members of the publication staff frequently write the headlines, but this will help focus your thoughts and maybe save those other staffers some time. Examples: Lost dog finds his way homeDebate tonight in Jasper HallPanel chooses 3 essay winners Byline: The byline is the name of the writer- your name, in this case. Lead (sometimes written lede): The lead is generally the first paragraph and is written to provide a preview of the entire story. It summarizes the story and includes many of the basic facts. The lead will help readers decide if they want to read the rest of the story, or if they are satisfied knowing these details. The story: Once you’ve set the stage with a good lead, follow up with a well-written story that contains facts from your research and quotes from people you’ve interviewed. The article should not contain your opinions. Detail any events in chronological order. Use active voice- not passive voice- when possible and write in clear, short, direct sentences. In a news article, you typically put the most critical information in the early paragraphs and follow with supporting information, to make sure the reader sees the important details first and, you hope, is intrigued enough to continue to the end. The sources: Put your sources with the information and quotes they provide, not at the bottom of each page or the end of the story, as you would for an academic paper. The ending: Your conclusion can be your last bit of information, a summary, or a carefully chosen quote to leave the reader with a strong sense of your story.

Christian Faith and Global Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian Faith and Global Islam - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  Volf sees to it that what some of the Christians might view as differences in terms of Muslims and Christians is really not a difference if analyzed in detail. For example the fact that Muslims don’t recognize Trinity should be seen as a difference between the two religions. This is based on the fact that some Christians like the Orthodox also believe in the same principle. As much as some of the Volf’s arguments are strong, one would argue that they have limitations too. This can be confirmed by the inductive thinking approach that he places on his arguments. This is seen by his proclamation of the engagement rules in which he wants the followers of the two religions to focus on the common things they share and not the difference.This study highlights that  Lee main argument is based on the fact that one should understand the opponents point of view, more so when it comes to our enemies. This is an element that shows the practice o f loving our neighbors, but it does not mean we have to agree with them. In the book, Lee views Muslims as enemies to the Christians. This is based on their actions and omissions that see make them to be of the opposite teaching of Christianity. Lee discusses the orientation of Muslims when it comes to making of war and use it in the comparison of the Christian kind of war that ever existed.  Contrary to Muslims, Lee sees the teaching and the life of Jesus to be non- violent thus opposing war making and violence.

The social issues of the roaring twenties ( Art and Ideas, Economy, Essay

The social issues of the roaring twenties ( Art and Ideas, Economy, Technology, Science, and the Social Ferment) - Essay Example 58). This discrimination was upheld by the US Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. This decision, which supported racial segregation, was reversed in 1954, and the government made racial segregation and discrimination in any form, illegal. However, discrimination persists and until 1920, women were not permitted to exercise their franchise, when Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution that provided women with the right to vote. Despite these measures, women in the US are still subjected to discrimination (Pozzuto & Arnd-Caddigan, Mar2008, P. 58). From the early 1900s till the Second World War, the US witnessed modernism in art, design and architecture. The first skyscrapers were constructed in the 1870s. These structures generated considerable competition from architects. The first successful design was New York’s Woolworth Building. The Architects Anderson Graham, Probst, and White designed and constructed the Wrigley Building in Chicago. Howells and Hood designed the Chicago Tribune Tower. Chrysler and the Empire State Building displayed the Art Deco design. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed several houses in California and Japan. Art Deco lasted from 1925 to 1950. It was called as modern construction and emerged from the 1925 International Art Exposition in Paris (Whitley, 2008). Opposition to communism reached fanatical levels in the US during the 1920s. Communism was referred to as Red Scares, and communists were referred to as anarchists. In 1920, there were an estimated 150,000 communists in the nation, which was just 0.1 percent of the population. People subscribing to radical views were persecuted, as evident from the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. Americans of that period adopted provincialism, as depicted by the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan, restrictive immigration laws and Prohibition (Roaring Twenties). The 1919, 18th amendment to the Constitution,

Pedagogical Practices Essay Example for Free

Pedagogical Practices Essay Abstract This paper provides an insight on the effective pedagogical practices that can be used in the children learning. Some of these practices include the incorporation of ICT in early childhood education and some of effective direct instructional strategies that can have an impact in the learning process of children. Five common learning outcomes for children are identified. In addition, the paper outlines characteristics of effective teaching that contribute to effective teaching. Furthermore, the concept of culture in early childhood education is also discussed. Keywords: Effective teaching, Pedagogy Introduction Early childhood education in Australia falls under the responsibility of each state. The approach in each State towards early childhood education is different. The different States have different school starting ages, nomenclature, approaches in the testing and evaluation of the children, policies, support services and both public and private funded childhood education and care programmes. In Australia, children in preschool and childcare are usually placed under the funding and policy of the health sector, whereas those children aged between 5 and 8 years are placed under the school sector. Amendments by the government have resulted to the combination of the health sector provision and childcare policy to the education sector. Childcare in the States of Victoria has been moved to the Department of Human Services to the Department of Early Childhood Education (DEEW, 2009). In Australia, pedagogy and learning have been put within the context of a developmental paradigm that is widely influenced by developmental (Sumsion et al., 2009). In the past, the school segment has been involved in implementing a discipline-focused criterion together with the child-centred approach to learning and pedagogy. The childcare sector mostly concerns itself with the child, whereas the school sector mainly focuses on the implementation of the curriculum (Church, et al., 2010). Some of the efforts by the Australian government in promoting preschool education include the investing of a million dollars in to the research and development of innovative practices in childcare and preschools. In addition, additional funds have been directed towards the development and research of early childhood programmes. Furthermore, the Australian government is developing a nationwide curriculum for early childhood development that will be implemented nationwide (DEECD, 2009). Pedagogy refers to the correct use of teaching strategies. In addition, pedagogical practices are those set of principles that facilitate and support effective teaching. Use of pedagogy standards assists in the teachers and childhood professionals in achieving their goals (Fleet, Patterson Robertson, 2006). According to the Victorian Framework, five outcomes for children can be identified. These include identity, sense of community, communication, learning and well-being (VCAA, 2000). Effective Teaching Effective teaching is dependent on certain outcomes. These outcomes include the whether the students learn something as the result. Despite the introduction of teaching strategies that have been described as effective, use of these strategies will produce different outcomes in the different learning situations (City et al., 2009). In these scenarios, the teacher will be confronted with the idea of developing instructional strategies and behaviours, which are effective practices as well as combining these strategies at the appropriate time to the individual students. In addition, the teacher has to apply of these strategies depending on the different learning situations and what is the teacher’s goal for students learning outcome (City et al., 2009). Effective teaching’s primary purpose is the attainment of academic knowledge of the student. In addition, effective teaching, as a whole encompasses the attainment of skill or knowledge on a subject of interest by a student, students feeling good about themselves, students obeying the society laws and students liking the school (Alter Coggshall, 2009). Besides ensuring increased academic achievement, the use of instructional strategies should not produce affective loss. Moreover, the instructional strategy that produces positive affective results is the most effective teaching strategy. In order to achieve effective teaching fully, vital understanding of the effective teaching practices, the students, teaching contexts, coherent decision making and learning environments is significant (Dahlberg, Moss Pence, 1999). Characteristics of Effective Teaching Effective teaching involves effective communicating, planning, managing and evaluating the actual process of instructing. Reflective teaching plays a major role in making of informed decision relating to the effective teaching strategies (Mabrina, Church Tayler, 2010). Through reflective teaching, teachers can be able to do a critical analysis their actions and their decisions. Reflective teaching allows teachers to foresee the impact of the teaching methods and in the process may make relevant changes in improving their strategies. In addition, the teacher gains a deeper understanding by scrutinizing the goals of the teaching practice. According to the DEECD (2009), children’s learning becomes advanced when they experience interactions with highly effective childhood professionals. Application of reflective teaching allows the childhood teachers to promote practices are supported by evidence to be doing well in supporting and developing children learning (Osterman, 1990). Furthermore, reflective teaching will allow the childhood professionals ability to challenge and develop new practices that they discover to be effective. In the process of reflective teaching the childhood professionals, improve their knowledge and skills concerning early childhood education. Teachers have to have a comprehensive understanding of the learning values of development the children to cater for the variety of and diversity of children in a classroom setting (Ashmna and Elkins, 2009). This allows the teacher to select the best effective teaching strategies. Consequently, this will necessitate the need of the use of a various instructional resources and technology. To be effective teachers must have adequate knowledge on the subject, which they propose to teach. This includes professional knowledge about teaching in general, pedagogical knowledge about the concepts and theories of effective teaching and pedagogical content knowledge concerning the different teaching approa ches and methods. Another important t characteristic of effective teaching involves the use of a variety of teaching strategies. Use of a variety of teaching techniques stimulates the student s during lesson activities and may encourage students to participate actively in the lesson. This especially true when dealing with children who are normally intrigued by different things and hence in the process may enjoy the lessons. The advantage is that children have inquisitive minds and anything new to them encourage exploratory mind (Rinaldi, 2006). Furthermore, proper assigning of tasks taking into account the time factor will provide the children with adequate time for learning new ideas. Various ways can be used to increase children engagement in learning activities. The teacher can monitor the work of the children as the progress and make comments and appreciation of their efforts. In addition, preparation of a daily schedule that gives a description of the activities that the children will undertake will assist in reducing time wastage activities such as giving directions. Furthermore, individual assignments given to the child should be interesting and easy to them as well as different to what the other children are doing. This promotes their confidence in being able to carry out activities on their own. The children should not only be involved in just doing things in class as a way of ensuring children success rate. The activities should be meaningful and have a relation to what the teacher is planning on teaching. Planning of these activities should replicate the capability and interests of the children. If a child is successful in one day, chances are that the child will replicate the same success in the days to follow. Effective Pedagogical Practices Cognitive Construction Cognitive structures refer to the patterns of the mental or physical actions that bring about specific acts of acumen. These are conditioned by stages of development. An assumption using the Piaget theory is that children are natural and active developers of their own understanding. Growth in a child results to the integration of abstract structures in their understanding. Using Piaget theories on child development, the teacher can be able to facilitate developmental change in a child by assisting the child to find contradictions using hid or prior knowledge and understanding. Culturally Relevant Pedagogy The Victorian Framework for early childhood development t recognizes the fact that culture plays a significant t role in the shaping the learning and development outcomes of children. The childhood professional use of culture empowers the children both socially and emotionally. An example of how the Victorian Framework incorporates culture-based pedagogy is in the Aboriginal culture. Respecting and learning the value of this culture will assist in ensuring that the Victorian children have a sense of belonging in the community. Culture, in this case, is used as a vehicle for learning. Moreover, incorporating of children’s books that outlines the different cultures will assist the children in developing their own personal identities related to their different cultures. In addition, the children can be able to understand the relationships that exist between Australia and Asia and in the process grow up understanding the Asian culture. (ACARA, 2010) Creating Relationships Fostering relationships among the children will assist in building trust, understanding thereby creating a peaceful learning environment for the children. The children strengths’ can be increased by encouraging the children to talk about the family histories. Incorporation of this strategy will assist the children develop social and persona competence as they learn to mange and understand their relationships. This is a key aspect of the Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority (2010). Furthermore, the children will be able to start friendship relationship with one another, work effectively as a team, and be able to make responsible decisions (ACARA, 2010). Use of Technology In recent times, the use of computer games and simulations has a possibility of improving how children learn. Early childhood professionals can incorporate an assortment of strategies using technology. These include the use of a learner-centred approach, promoting cognitive activity, and focusing on learning outcomes. A learner-centred approach will help in assisting the natural process through which children learn. In addition, this approach will allow a better understanding of the children’s cognitive processing and, therefore, affect the learning outcomes of the child. In focusing on promoting the cognitive activity, video games cause the children to be more active. This allows teachers to recognize how the different aspects of the computer software affect the learning process of the child. Consequently, measuring the learning outcomes of the games can help in accessing the level of comprehension in a child. In addition, use of reading software can help determine what children learn from the use of the software. Use of ICT is a key component in the Australian curriculum (ACARA, 2010). Direct Instruction Hunt and Touzel (2009) suggest that the use of direct instruction strategies allows teachers to be able to organize and present material to the children. Direct instructional strategies are characterized by a certain level of predictability of the children responses. This allows teachers to be to respond with ease and in the process save time. The teacher best applies direct teaching for children in the learning of procedures and skills. Teachers use the direct instructional strategies to present information through which the children use their prior knowledge and give feedback to the teacher. Direct instruction strategies ensure the close monitoring of the children’s outcomes and ensure effective use of classroom organization and management methods. The direct instruction process consists of modelling, direct practice, guided practice and independent practice. In modelling, the skill to be imparted on children is performed by the teacher. This normally involves thinking aloud so that the children can grasp the concept. In direct practice, the teacher uses questions through a variety of steps that allow the children to understand the reason behind every step, whereas, in guide practice, the children generate questions working through various steps while the teacher observes, guides them, and provides a response to the questions. Lastly, in independent practice, the students have gained the ability to work on their own and can be able to do more questions without much assistance from the teacher. Examples of direct instructional strategies include explicit teaching, drill, demonstration, lecture presentation and teacher led guide discussion. However, lecture presentations are not effective in teaching children. In explicit teaching, the teacher first gain the attention of the children then provides information, which the children can use to provide feedback to the teacher. Use of demonstrations in teaching children is a more effective method the use of direct instruction. In demonstrations, the children can observe how the teacher carries out a certain task, which helps to increase the attention of the children. Furthermore, using demonstrations allow the children to look at the actual activity rather than hearing about something they cannot see. An example of a demonstration that is normally used in teaching children is the teacher showing them how to tie their laces. Most of these demonstrations are explanatory in nature (Moss et al., 2006). References ACARA (2010). The Shape of the Australian Curriculum. Sydney: Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority Australian Education Ministers. Retrieved from http://www.acara.edu.au/verve/_resources/Shape_of_the_Australian_Curriculum.pdf Alter, J Coggshall, J. G. (2009). Teaching as a Clinical Practice Profession: Implications for Teacher Preparation and State Policy. Retrieved from http://www.tqsource.org/publications/clinicalPractice.pdf Ashmna, A. Elkins, J. (2009). Education for Inclusion and Diversity. NSW: Pearson. Church, A., Deans, J., Raban, B. Margetts, K. (2010). The Early Years Learning Frameworks in Practice. Melbourne: Teaching Solutions. City, E. A., Elmore, R. F., Fiarman, S. E. and Teitel, L. (2009). Instructional Rounds in Education. A Network Approach to Improving Teaching and Learning. Harvard University: Harvard Education Press. DEECD. (2009). Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework. Early Childhood Strategy Division: Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.education.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/earlychildhood/learning/veyldframework.pdf Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., Pence, A. (1999). Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care. Philadelphia: Falmer Press. DEEW. (2009).Belonging, Being and Becoming. The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Retrieved form http://apo.org.au/node/18428 Fleet, A., Patterson, C. Robertson, J. (2006). Insights: Behind early childhood Pedagogical Documentation. NSW: Pademelon Press. Mabrina, L. Church, A. Tayler, C. (2010). Evidence Paper, Practice Principle: Reflective Practice. Retrieved from http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/earlylearning/evi-refprac.pdf Moss, J. et al. (2006). Invitations Inspirations: Pathways to successful teaching. Victoria: Curriculum Corporation. Osterman, K, F. (1990). Reflective Practice: A New Agenda for Education. Education and Urban Society, 22 (2) 133 – 152. Sumsion, J., Barnes, S., Cheeseman, S., Harrison, L., Kennedy, A., Stonehouse, A. (2009). Insider perspectives on Developing Belonging, Being Becoming: The Early Years Frameworks for Australia. Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 24, (4), 4-13. Rinaldi, C. (2006). In Dialogue with Reggio Emilia. Oxon: Routledge. Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (2000). Victorian Essential Learning Standards, Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Retrieved from http://vels.vcaa.vic.edu.au/

Unity Amid Diversity Essay -- essays papers

Unity Amid Diversity The 1950’s and 1960’s was a dawning of a new age. Many changes were occurring within America’s society. Segregation was prominent with the passing of Plessy vs. Ferguson, however, the Jim Crow laws of the south were being challenged. Negroes in the south wanted equality and justice. The nation was in need of an ethic of caring and a solid identity of what it meant to be an â€Å"American.† With the war in Vietnam and the war for equality, people were fed up with all of the hate. The public cried, â€Å"Make love, not war (Tallulah).† During this time of hardship, the Civil Rights Movement introduced us to many influential Americans that helped make equality possible and also made everyone proud to be American. From the famous court case of Brown vs. Board of Education and the refusal of Rosa Parks to the ideas and actions of Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X and Anne Moody, equality emerged in the United States and a positive, patriotic and respectful outlook was placed on what it is to be an â€Å"American.† The Civil Rights Movement was like a time bomb waiting to go off. African-Americans throughout the south looked at each other as if saying, â€Å"wait, just wait.† Surprisingly, the initiation came from a young, black girl who had to travel several miles to attend a segregated school even though she lived right next door to a white elementary school. This famous court case, known as Brown vs. Board of Education, determined that segregation in public schools based on race was unconstitutional. This decision was the result of decades of efforts by black segregationist opponents. With black and white children attending the same schools, having equal opportunities elsewhere became increasingly desirable. It was during this period of waiting that a petite, middle-aged woman named Rosa Parks was the person to officially begin the fight for racial equality in America. On the afternoon of Thursday, December 1, 1995, Mrs. Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and was arrested. This simple action of dominance and defiance began one of the most important struggles in American history. As the small yet strong-willed woman was hauled off to jail, word of her refusal spread throughout the country. People of all races and ages were inspired by her actions and the news traveled through telephone lines and word of mout... ...to every privilege, law and punishment. We, black and white, attend the same schools, churches and shop in the same grocery stores; we live in the same neighborhoods and swim in the same pools. America is the diverse yet unified country that it should be. As a result of the success of the movement, the rest of the world admires the U.S. and what it stands for. Without the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, who knows where we would be in the world society. I wonder. I really wonder. Works Cited 1.â€Å"1963.† http://net4tv.com/color/60/16Bombing.htm Copyright 1997, Iacta IIC, (22 April 1999) 2.Cohen, Jeff and Norman Solomon. â€Å"The Martin Luther King You don’t see on TV.† http://www.fair.org/media-beat/950104.html (27 April 1999). 3.Dancier, Tallulah. â€Å"Dawning of an Age.† http://net4tv.com/color/60/60about.htm Copyright 1997, Iacta IIC, (22 April 1999) 4.Haley, Alex. â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X.† New York: Ballantine Books, 1965 5.Moody, Anne. â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi.† New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1968. 6.Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson. â€Å"Excerpts from the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women who Started it.† Primis.

Assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in health chances

* Using your knowledge assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in HEALTH CHANCES * Write about the health chances for the different situations within society. Health Chances- Can be defined as the likelihood and possibility for an individual to become ill or unwell in view of his/hers overall health and well-being also considering the affect on an individual in view of the different situations within society. Health Chances is sometimes overlooked in view of the different situations within society. It can be said firmly that both gender and ethnicity unfortunately create inequalities in health chances within society. Health Chances clearly vary in these two situations and as a result have caused problems within society. Statistics in Gender inequality in health clearly show a high percentage for women in both Morbidity and Mortality Firstly, gender results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Women's position in society affects their experience of health chances. Women indeed can be said to be more open and co-operative than men in view of their general health and well-being. Women tend to visit doctors more often than men. Statistics show that women visit their G.P. 5x a year whilst men tend to visit their G.P. approximately 3x a year. Furthermore, the health of women may appear to be worse than that of men because their longer life expectancy increases the risk of chronic illnesses, senile dementia and therefore the regular use of medical services. However, statistics do indicate that women suffer more chronic disorders in all age categories. The common saying ‘women are sicker men die quicker' is very realistic, statistics clearly show that women live longer and so are more prone to getting ill, as part of getting old. Moreover, women's position in society affects their health chances; women have the burden of childcare, which affects them both physically and mentally. Also, domestic labour, poor employment conditions because of gender discrimination, greater exposure to poor housing as a result of poor employment, greater exposure to poverty also as a result as poor employment. Women position in society should be regarded very highly as they are situated in such conditions which lead to ‘ housewife syndromes' acknowledged by Jessie Bernard causing ill health. It is the woman's job in society i.e. in the family, to make decisions, bring up the children which is quite stressful along with absorbing and taking on the stress of other family members such as the children, husband which overall in my opinion is the reason to why more women get ill. Furthermore, Women in society generally tend to occupy jobs such; working in the home, the NHS & social services which are generally not highly paid occ upations and the fact that these jobs are a lot more stressful, and according to feminism sociologists they are unrecognised and always undervalued. Moreover, there are obviously differences in the health experiences of men and women that can be attributed to biology, particularly those concerned with reproduction. Hormonal differences can account for some variation in the occurrence of particular illnesses e.g. higher rate of heart disease amongst men before the age of 50 can partly be accounted for by the lack of protection provided by the hormone oestrogen. Genetic and biological research points to certain gender to being more prone to certain illnesses and diseases. Women suffer from certain sorts of health problems because of their distinctive biology e.g. pregnancy and childbirth, contraception and abortion, menstruation and menopause, breast and cervical cancer. They are also more likely to suffer from autoimmune disease e.g. arthritis and degenerative disease (because they live longer), but on the other hand men suffer more heart disease. Health and Ethnicity, the problem of definition; do we use race, ethnicity, or specific culture groups, e.g. Punjabi to define health and ethnicity. Ethnicity results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Genetic and biological research clearly portray the fact that certain ethnic minorities are more prone to having certain diseases, e.g. Haemophilia is quite common in European men, whilst Sickle Cell Anaemia is quite common in Afro-Caribbean's. However, we could argue that not all health illnesses are necessarily related to ethnicity, for instance, heart disease, bronchitis and strokes which all have a high incidence in the Asian community are linked to socio-economic factors not ethnicity. Moreover, diet/lifestyle/traditions and cultural values also affect the outcomes of health chances within society, i.e. Asian communities e.g. prenatal mortalities is high for Asian women but this may be because many do not attend anti-natal classes. Also, diet- high rate in the use ‘GHEE' in the Asian cooking relating to heart disease. However, many Asian diets particularly the Vegetarian dishes are healthier than they counter parts in the white community. Furthermore, low social class, poor and under-paid occupations, unemployment and dangerous/hazardous jobs are common within the ethnic minority society, which result to poor health conditions resulting to the worst health chances. Which in effect are being persevered through generations resulting to inequality in health within the ethnic minority society. Although the materialist argument is more successful than either the genetic or cultural approaches in explaining health differences between ethnic groups it still fails to adequately explain why they should be so particularly disadvantaged. For example when comparing black and white sharing the same social class position black people are more vulnerable to unemployment. Racism in the private and public housing markets has also been shown to compound inequalities generated by social class. Racism, therefore, is further constraint on the access to conditions of life are more conductive to good health. Also racism may be a reason for a higher death/violence rate in the ethnic minority groups. However, the likelihood of contribution of racism to ill health is complex and varied. Although, high rates of unemployment, redundancy, excessive shift work, compulsion over time and un-social working hours are some issues within the ethnic minority society which contribute to the overall of affect health chances. Finally, both gender and ethnicity create inequalities in health chances within society, as discussed. Some of which can be regarded as acceptable i.e. unavoidable, whilst others can be clearly acknowledged as discriminating, etc.